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Ginseng, with various pharmacological activities, has received increasing attention to improve cardiovascular health (CVH). Therefore, this meta‐analysis synthesized the effect of ginseng consumption on biomarkers of CVH in adults. A systematic search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through July 24, 2023 to screen out English‐language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of ginseng consumption on body composition, blood pressure, vascular stiffness, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, and adipocytokines in adults. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the overall effect size, and STATA 12.0 was used for comprehensive analysis. Forty‐five studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Ginseng consumption significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD = −2.57 mmHg, 95% CI = −4.99 to −0.14, p = 0.038), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = −4.40 mg/dL, 95% CI = −8.67 to −0.132, p = 0.043), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) (WMD = −2.81 mg/dL, 95% CI = −4.89 to −0.72, p = 0.008), C‐reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = −0.41 mg/L, 95% CI = −0.73 to −0.10, p = 0.010), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (WMD = −2.82 pg./mL, 95% CI = −4.31 to −1.32, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested that supplementation with ginseng for less than 12 weeks significantly reduced SBP, but 12 weeks or more improved TC and CRP. Ginseng consumption on SBP, TC, and CRP seemed to be more effective on unhealthy participants. The meta‐analysis showed that ginseng consumption might have the potential to improve SBP, TC, LDL‐C, CRP, and IL‐6. These findings suggest that ginseng is a potential candidate for the maintenance of CVH. However, our results had high heterogeneity. Future high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of ginseng consumption.
Ginseng, with various pharmacological activities, has received increasing attention to improve cardiovascular health (CVH). Therefore, this meta‐analysis synthesized the effect of ginseng consumption on biomarkers of CVH in adults. A systematic search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through July 24, 2023 to screen out English‐language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of ginseng consumption on body composition, blood pressure, vascular stiffness, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, and adipocytokines in adults. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the overall effect size, and STATA 12.0 was used for comprehensive analysis. Forty‐five studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Ginseng consumption significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD = −2.57 mmHg, 95% CI = −4.99 to −0.14, p = 0.038), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = −4.40 mg/dL, 95% CI = −8.67 to −0.132, p = 0.043), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) (WMD = −2.81 mg/dL, 95% CI = −4.89 to −0.72, p = 0.008), C‐reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = −0.41 mg/L, 95% CI = −0.73 to −0.10, p = 0.010), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (WMD = −2.82 pg./mL, 95% CI = −4.31 to −1.32, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested that supplementation with ginseng for less than 12 weeks significantly reduced SBP, but 12 weeks or more improved TC and CRP. Ginseng consumption on SBP, TC, and CRP seemed to be more effective on unhealthy participants. The meta‐analysis showed that ginseng consumption might have the potential to improve SBP, TC, LDL‐C, CRP, and IL‐6. These findings suggest that ginseng is a potential candidate for the maintenance of CVH. However, our results had high heterogeneity. Future high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of ginseng consumption.
Korea ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used in traditional medicinal foods for more than 2000 years. Because of the growing interest in personalized healthcare to prevent diseases, white ginseng (WG) is technically evolving into highly qualified products with reinforced specific functionalities of ginsenosides, such as red ginseng (RG) or black ginseng (BG). Using the PubMed research engine, we found 225 BG-related published papers from 1995 to 2024. The most common papers (n = 46) were related to processing technologies, such as ginsenoside transformation, manufacturing processes and product evaluation. Reviewing papers on the functionality of BG with in vitro and in vivo models, they usually cover the basic mechanism of functionality, such as antioxidant (n = 38), antitumor (n = 28), menopausal (n = 26), anti-inflammatory (n = 24) and immune (n = 20) mechanisms. There are insufficient studies that are directly related to diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and liver disease; moreover, a significant randomized controlled trials study of BG was not found. In this study, we reviewed the research trends on the technologies and functionalities of BG in Korea and forecasted the potential of BG as a new material for healthcare in the industry.
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