Khat use and monitoring drug use in Europe: The current situation and issues for the future

Griffiths, Paul; Lopez, Dominique; Sedefov, Roumen; Gallegos, Ana; Hughes, Brendan; Noor, André; Royuela, Luis

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.046

Cited by 94 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…With the recent globalization, khat chewing has spread with African and Arabian immigrants to various Asian [4] and European [5][6][7][8][9] countries, and to Australia [10][11][12], as well as to the United States [13]. The users of khat in these new countries are predominantly immigrants from the khat chewing countries [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Khat Use in Persons with Mental Illness in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Tolu¹,

Krahl²

2015

J Addict Res Ther

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Khat Use in Persons with Mental Illness in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Tolu¹,

Krahl²

2015

J Addict Res Ther

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“…Active substances are cathinones, stimulating substances altering the natural flow of dopamine and noradrenaline in the cell membrane, causing a sympathomimetic profile at a systemic level (Wabe, 2011). Beyond its use within migrant population from regions where khat is a native species and apart from its use in non-traditional ways, its extension as NPD comes from the inspiration for the synthesis of one of the most frequently mentioned new drugs of abuse: synthetic cathinones (Griffiths et al, 2010). Chronic consumption of khat has been associated to an increase in cardiovascular mortality, in digestive morbidity, in dysplasia and oral cancer, as well as in sexual dysfunction and in risk of abortion.…”

Section: Vegetables Like Npds: Sage Khat Kratom and Ayahuascamentioning

confidence: 99%

An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon

Dolengevich-Segal

Rodríguez-Salgado

Gómez-Arnau

et al. 2017

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Background. The new psychoactive drugs (NPD) are those that represent a danger to public health and are not prohibited by conventions on international narcotics. The concept also includes new contexts and new routes of consumption as well as novel ways of distribution, notably Internet. The risks associated with NPD consumption are largely unknown to users and to health care providers. Objective. To integrate the existing evidence regarding the main NPD in terms of description, epidemiology, psychopharmacology, medical complications and psychoactive effects. Method. To review relevant and updated clinical information on NPD obtained from specialized books and indexed scientific journals (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus), as well as official documents edited by international organizations dedicated to the epidemiologic analysis of drug abuse and Internet websites and forums managed by psychoactive substance users. Results. Aspects of clinical and pharmacological interest are described comprehensively, together with epidemiological data and risks associated to the consumption of the most relevant NPD: synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, NBOMe series, indoleamines, piperazines, hallucinogenic mushrooms (Psilocybe SP.), synthetic opioids, plant products (khat, kratom, Salvia divinorum, ayahuasca) and dissociative anesthetics. Discussion and conclusion. The emergence of the NPD is a phenomenon on the rise with important consequences for public health. Learning about new trends in drug consumption and its potential risks should be essential for the medical professional. New research is needed in order to understand the phenomenon of the NPD and its pharmacological, clinical and legal implications.

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“…In 2009, 13 EU member states had classified khat as illicit (Griffiths et al 2010) and today all European countries with a significant population of immigrants from those countries where khat is legal and traditionally used have criminalized khat. More recently, khat was defined as a List II drug in the Dutch Opium Act in 2012, which classifies khat as a "soft drug", on a par with cannabis (Government of the Netherlands 2012).…”

Section: Organization Of the Dissertationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Up the “Drug-Abusing Immigrant”

Nordgren

2017

Contemporary Drug Problems

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In social work, drug treatment, and government contexts in Sweden, numerous attempts have been made to construct a new kind of client and patient: the ''drug-abusing immigrant.'' I trace these developments from the 1960s to 2011 through an analysis of publications about ''drug abuse among immigrants.'' The empirical material consists of a broad range of publications produced on this topic in social work, drug treatment, and government contexts both nationally and in local municipal settings. I use Hacking's analytical approach to ''making up people'' as a way of analyzing how knowledge production resulted in certain descriptions of the kind of client/patient categorized as a ''drug-abusing immigrant.'' Four themes were central to discussions of this kind: the introduction of new drugs and ways of using them by immigrants, the intermingling of ethnic drug use patterns, the need to target Iranians in relation to opiate use, and descriptions of drug-using immigrants as vulnerable. Drug use among immigrants was a phenomenon mainly discussed at local levels of social work and drug treatment and did not develop into a national political problem. It seems that a perceived rapid increase in immigration in Sweden during the mid-1980s acted as a catalyst for the focus on ''drug abuse among immigrants.'' The ''drug-abusing immigrant'' category should be seen as an administrative category and the process of making it up as ultimately a ''failed'' one. The category was not adopted by those so categorized and subsequently declined in use during the 2000s. A recent focus on drug use among ''unaccompanied minors'' might be seen as a new attempt to make up certain immigrants as a specific kind of ''drug abuser.''

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Khat use and monitoring drug use in Europe: The current situation and issues for the future

Cited by 94 publications

References 7 publications

Khat Use in Persons with Mental Illness in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Khat Use in Persons with Mental Illness in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

An approach to the new psychoactive drugs phenomenon

Making Up the “Drug-Abusing Immigrant”

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