Khat use and neurobehavioral functions: Suggestions for future studies

Abstract

Although there is a rich body of research available regarding the effect of acute and chronic khat dosing in animal models, research on the behavioral and cognitive effects of khat in human subjects is not extensive and several of the available studies have been done only in the context of observational and single-case studies. In light of the absence of a substantial literature on the neurobehavioral deficits associated with khat use and to provide a context that could be used to identify themes for future research we review previous research that has focused on other stimulant drugs. This review highlights multiple areas of neurocognitive deficit that have been identified in previous studies of individuals who have been chronic users of stimulants, such as amphetamines and methamphetamines. The review highlights a substantial body of evidence demonstrating a wide range of learning and memory impairments including deficits that persist during abstinence from active drug use. This review does not imply a similar khat effect, but due to some similarities pharmacologically between the active components of khat (cathinone and cathine) and amphetamines, future studies examining these same domains of cognitive functioning in chronic khat users and abstinent khat users appears to be warranted, if possible using some of the same or similar laboratory measures.

Level of khat dependence, use patterns, and psychological correlates in Yemen: a cross-sectional investigation

“…In several countries it is reported that users of khat consume large quantities of tobacco, which may exacerbate the health burden associated with khat use (14), and we have observed previously that approximately 55% of all khat users are also regular smokers (15,16). One study reported that 65% of their sample of UK resident Yemeni subjects were regular cigarette smokers and that khat users smoked to enhance the impact of their khat chewing (6).…”

Gender Differences in Patterns and Correlates of Khat and Tobacco Use

“…Khat sessions are usually held as a means of socialization, and users often report euphoria, alertness, friendliness, energy, confidence, and flow of ideas (Balint, Falkay, & Balint, 2009;Cox & Rampes, 2003). These symptoms are followed by anxiety, irritability, and restlessness (Hoffman & al'Absi, 2010).…”

Khat Use and Trait Anger: Effects on Affect Regulation during an Acute Stressful Challenge

“…The effects of cathine are less potent and do not last as long as those of cathinone. The effects of cathinone and cathine are similar in nature, though not in intensity, to those seen from amphetamines [6][7][8] . Consistent with these observations, khat chewing sessions are initially characterized by positive feelings of optimism, alertness, and a general sense of euphoria and well-being [1,9] .…”