Kidd blood group system: outwardly simple with hidden complexity

Abstract

The basics of the Kidd blood group system have been well described. Two of the three antigens, Jka and Jkb, are polymorphic. The third, Jk3, is of very high prevalence in all populations except in individuals of Polynesian and Finnish extraction. Jk (a−b−) red cells do not express Jk3. The antigens are encoded by SLC14A1 gene on chromosome 18. JK*01 allele differs from JK*02 at nt 838 (G/A) and in the protein, at amino acid 280, Jka expression is associated with aspartate and asparagine is associated with Jkb. The genetic background of the dominantly inherited In(Jk) Jk(a−b−) is due to an 84 bp deletion in ZFN850 on chromosome 19. Antibodies against all three antigens are clinically important. They can cause immediate haemolytic transfusion reactions and are a frequent cause of delayed transfusion reactions. Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn due to JK antibodies is generally much less severe than the response to incompatible transfusion. The JK protein on red cells functions as a urea transporter. Complexity in the system is due to the number of alternate alleles described. ISBT recognizes 24 alleles that silence Jka/Jkb expression and 7 alleles causing weak or partial expression of Jka or Jkb. These alleles can result in serological typing discrepancies, discordant serological/molecular results and production of an apparent Kidd alloantibody by an antigen‐positive individual. JK antigens may serve as minor histocompatibility antigens. The antibodies may play a role in renal graft survival when a JK‐incompatible donor kidney is transplanted.

Computational exploration of SLC14A1 genetic variants through structure modeling, protein-ligand docking, and molecular dynamics simulation

“…Besides UT-B1 protein, SLC14A1 also encodes JK antigen (Kidd glycoprotein) and serves as the basis of the Kidd blood group system. The primary allelic variants, JkA (D280) and JkB (N280) result from a substitution at amino acid position 280, which constitutes a significant focus of the present study [ 68 ]. To have a deeper understanding of the importance of the SLC14A1 gene, its interacting network was forecasted by the STRING server.…”

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia with anti‐Jka specificity following babesiosis masquerading as a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction

“…Although variants in the Kidd antigen are infrequently observed, 19 and variant antigens outside of the Rh system are rare, it may be prudent to genotype patients who appear to have autoantibodies with non‐Rh antigen specificity. It may also be beneficial to genotype individuals with autoantibodies that demonstrate specificity for Rh antigens, particularly for certain racial and ethnic populations known to have significant heterogeneity in the Rh system.…”

O impacto da automação da fenotipagem eritrocitária estendida na rotina de um serviço de hemoterapia

“…Generally, employing automation in laboratory practice has also added advantages to institutions that host and to their staff as increased productivity, reduced exposure to staff member from biological and ergonomic hazards, and fosters a greater security level to all sample processing phases thereby obtaining more precise results [14][15][16][17][18] . Blood banks have observed explicitly that the implementation of automated methodologies has increased transfusion safety by minimizing any possible errors associated with manual processing of samples and enhancing the optimization of inputs and reducing the delivery time of the results based on the interfacing between the equipment and the result system 10,11,14,15,[17][18][19][20] .…”