Kidney and Bone: Physiological and Pathophysiological Relationships

Abstract

The sections in this article are: Chemical and Cellular Composition of Bone Extracellular Constituents of Bone Bone Cells Development and Structure of Bone Endochondral Ossification Intramembranous Ossification Skeletal Growth and Modeling Principles of Skeletal Growth Skeletal Modeling Epiphyseal Closure Bone Cell Function and Skeletal Growth and Modeling Bone Turnover and the Remodeling Cycle Skeletal Remodeling Cellular Control of Bone Remodeling Fracture Healing Bone Cell Function and Fracture Repair Interrelationships of Kidney and Bone in Normal Physiology General Considerations Overall Calcium Balance Hormonal Control of Mineral Ion Homeostasis Role of the Parathyroid Glands in the Calcium Homeostatic System Bone Cell Function and Ionic Homeostasis Aspects of Renal Function Essential for Normal Skeletal Structure and Function and Ionic Homeostasis Metabolic Bone Disease Osteitis Fibrosa Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Laboratory Evaluation of Metabolic Bone Disease Direct Assays of Calcium‐Regulating Hormones in Blood Clinical Assessment of the Function of Target Organs for Calcium‐Regulating Hormones Abnormalities in Renal Function Leading to Skeletal Disease Abnormalities in Renal Calcium Handling Abnormalities in Renal Phosphate Handling Hypo‐ and Hypermagnesemia Due to Renal Causes Renal Tubular Acidosis Primary Abnormalities in Vitamin D Metabolism Renal Resistance to PTH : Pseudohypoparathyroidism Chronic Renal Insufficiency Pathophysiology of Renal Osteodystrophy Disorders Affecting the Homeostatic Mechanisms Linking Kidney and Bone Primary Hyperparathyroidism Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Hypoparathyroidism Deficient Quantities and Action of Vitamin D Hypervitaminosis D Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases Other Hormonal Abnormalities and Drugs Affecting Both Bone and Kidney Calcitonin Growth Hormone Estrogen Glucocorticoids Insulin Thyroid Hormones Miscellaneous Associations Between Bone and Kidney Disorders Affecting Both Kidney and Bone Pharmacological Agents Affecting Both Kidney and Bone Effects of Bone Disease on the Kidney

Analysis of retrieved hip resurfacing arthroplasties reveals the interrelationship between interface hyperosteoidosis and demineralization of viable bone trabeculae

“…Moreover, osteoclastic acidification can be ruled out in our study because osteoclasts were not found in areas with hyperosteoidosis. Also, osteoclasts would resorb osteoid poorly, possibly because of the inability of osteoclast precursors to attach to unmineralized bone and to differentiate into osteoclasts 50, 51…”

Calcium and salinity sensing by the thick ascending limb: A journey from mammals to fish and back again

“…Thus, it is not surprising that the CaSR also provides the crucial "sensing" mechanism for extracellular calcium-mediated regulation of Ca 2+ excretion by the kidney [17,18,30,32,33,37]. The relationship between serum ionized Ca 2+ and the magnitude of urinary Ca 2+ excretion is quite steep following a specific threshold point ( [38,39]; Fig.…”