Kidney stone analysis: “Give me your stone, I will tell you who you are!”

Abstract

IntroductionStone analysis is an important part in the evaluation of patients having stone disease. This could orientate the physician toward particular etiologies.Material and methodsChemical and physical methods are both used for analysis. Unfortunately, chemical methods often are inadequate to analyze accurately urinary calculi and could fail to detect some elements into the stone. Physical methods, in counterpart, are becoming more and more used in high-volume laboratories. The present manuscript will provide a review on analytic methods, and review all the information that should be included into an appropriate morpho-constitutional analysis.ConclusionThis report can supply an excellent summarization of the stone morphology and give the opportunity to find specific metabolic disorders and different lithogenic process into the same stone. Here, specific chemical types with their different crystalline phases are shown in connection with their different etiologies involved.

The application of micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in biomedical sciences: The investigation of biological mineral tissues and histopathological materials

“…These results are in accordance with the statistical data that in most countries over the world calcium oxalate monohydrate accounts for the more common and more abundant component of stones [29].…”

Improvement of Urinary Stones Analysis Combining Morphological Analysis and Infrared Spectroscopy

“…Even the main discordance observed in stones #96 and #100 where dihydrate uric acid crystals were observed by MA at odds of anhydrous uric acid recognized by FT-IR has a minor if not irrelevant clinical meaning. Actually, both crystalline forms are due to conditions characterized by low urine pH [22].…”

In Vitro Microscopic Study of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals Growth Patterns

“…In case of damaged glycosaminoglycan, these solid particles adhered to the inner papillary wall and invite the attachment of calcium phosphates, glycoprotein aggregates and cellular debris to serve as nuclei during early stages of COM papillary stone formation 14 . Calcium oxalate monohydrate stones are formed due to excessive oxalate concentration 15 . Oxalates are toxic to renal epithelial cells causing cell membrane injury mediated by lipid and protein peroxidation through oxygen free radical's generation.…”