Kinematic analysis of penile reflexes in a rat model of spinal cord injury

Abstract

The ex-copula penile dorsiflexion reflex (PDFR) is an established measure of sexual dysfunction in male rat models of spinal cord injury. Although the PDFR after complete spinal transection is well described, information regarding the more clinically relevant incomplete spinal contusion injury model is limited. This study examined, using two-dimensional (2D) kinematic analysis, the relationship between the PDFR and degree of white matter sparing (WMS). Male Wistar rats received a T9 contusion with varying degrees of impactor forces. Weekly kinematic recordings of the PDFR were made 3–8 weeks postinjury. Sexual reflex components examined included maximum angle of penile dorsiflexion, total penile event duration, and penile ascent speed. Post hoc comparison between animals grouped based upon injury severity (moderate–severe: 13.33%–17.15% WMS vs moderate: 20.85%–33.50% WMS) indicated PDFR effects. Specifically, the numbers of animals with more moderate contusions having data points above the median in both maximum angle of penile dorsiflexion and penile ascent speed were significantly lower than animals with more severe injuries. Total penile event duration was also affected but only at more chronic time points (6–8 weeks). Thus, 2D kinematic analysis of the PDFR allows for more consistent and quantifiable analysis of the subtle differences that can occur between injury severity groups in the rat contusion model.

Timeline of Changes in Biomarkers Associated with Spinal Cord Injury–Induced Polyuria

“…Both gentamicin sulfate (GentaFuse; Henry Schein Animal Health, Dublin, OH) and meloxicam (Eloxiject; Henry Schein Animal Health) were injected subcutaneously per established post-operative care procedures. 10 , 22 , 23 Physiological saline was also administered post-operatively (5 mL before contusion and 5 mL after contusion). Bladder emptying by the Crede maneuver was performed three times daily until individual animals reached reflexive bladder function (by 6 days 24 , 25 ).…”