Kinematics and dynamics of the ballistic impact behavior for an oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber reinforced bio-composite

Abstract

The ballistic impact behavior of oil empty fruit bunch fiber reinforced bio-composites was studied. Epoxy and polyester resins were used as the main material and were evaluated as a matrix to determine their capability. The ballistic test was performed using a 9 mm handgun and a jacketed hollow point round. A model based on kinematics and dynamics was used to calculate the decrease in velocity of the projectile with a constant deceleration. The energy lost during the impact was calculated based on the theory of kinetic energy. The epoxy bio-composite was able to hold a projectile more successfully than the polyester bio-composite at a certain penetration depth. The curve of the decrease in velocity for both of the resins was exponentially distributed. An 18% epoxy bio-composite was able to more successfully stop the projectile at a penetrative depth of 2.14 mm and was able to absorb all the kinetic energy generated (408 J).

Characteristics of Bulletproof Vests Made from COPEFB Fiber: Implications on Mechanical, Electrical, and Physical Resistance

“…According to Sahari and Sapuan [27]; fber withstands most of the forces acting on the composite material, while the matrix act as a protector and binder for the fber to work properly. On the other hand, these results also correlate with previously research conducted by Nikmatin et al [4] entitled "Kinematics and Dynamics of the Ballistic Impact Behavior for an Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composite," it is known that Te epoxy biocomposite was able to hold a projectile more successfully than the polyester biocomposite with the curve of the decrease in velocity for both of the resins was exponentially distributed. An 18% epoxy biocomposite was able to more successfully stop the projectile at a penetrative depth of 2.14 mm and was able to absorb all the kinetic energy generated (408 J).…”

“…This was caused by the influence of the distribution of forces on the filler. Furthermore, the filler composition affected the force absorbed by each filler particle to increase the resistance of the material to a suddenly applied force [ 4 ]. The diameter of the twisted thread also influenced the resistance of the material to withstand the applied force.…”

“…From the calculation survey in 2016, the area for plantations reached 11.67 million hectares [ 1 ], which makes Indonesia one of the largest CPO (crude palm oil) exporting countries [ 2 ]. In every step of processing and making CPO, not all oil palm bunches have fruit [ 3 ]; therefore, these empty bunches usually become unused waste [ 4 ].…”

Sugarcane Bagasse as the Source of Nanocrystalline Cellulose for Gelatin-Free Capsule Shell

“…Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared by acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid solution with 50% concentration used to hydrolyze sugarcane bagasse cellulose for 30 minutes at 45°C. It is important to note that cellulose fibers degrade [ 16 ]when they are reacted with acids, and this was observed to have started at the region of the weakest bond which is the amorphous or noncrystalline region, as indicated in Figure 1 . The reduced amorphous region caused the crystallinity of cellulose to increase, thereby leading to nanocrystalline cellulose or interfibrillar molecules.…”