Kinematics of cross-country ski racing

Bilodeau, B.; Rundell, Kenneth W.; Roy, Beno T; Boulay, M. R.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199601000-00024

Cited by 68 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In this study, diVerences between the WC and the NL skiers in CL and CR were found at all measured speeds. Better skiers are also previously reported to have a longer CL in the skating technique (Bilodeau et al 1996;Rundell and McCarthy 1996;Stoggl and Muller 2009). Interestingly, in this study, both CL and CR increased with speed, up to V peak .…”

Section: Movement Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…It has been proposed that faster skiers have longer CL in the skating technique for two reasons. First, a longer CL might express higher maximal strength or power (Rundell and McCarthy 1996), and second, it might express a more eVective leg and pole push oV (Bilodeau et al 1996;Stoggl and Muller 2009). Particularly, this last factor is logically also related to enhanced eYciency.…”

Section: Movement Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improved strength and power is reported to improve work economy and performance in skiers (HoV et al 1999;Mikkola et al 2007;Osteras et al 2002). Moreover, better skiers tend to use longer cycle lengths (CL) with similar cycle rate (CR), and this diVerence in CL is suggested to relate to strength and power (Bilodeau et al 1996;Lindinger et al 2009;Stoggl et al 2007), as well as to technical aspects (Bilodeau et al 1996;Stoggl and Muller 2009). One rationale is that improved strength and/or technique have the potential to lead to a longer CL and to higher eYciency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers

et al. 2010

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The present study investigated metabolic rate (MR) and gross eYciency (GE) at moderate and high work rates, and the relationships to gross kinematics and physical characteristics in elite cross-country skiers. Eight world class (WC) and eight national level (NL) male sprint crosscountry skiers performed three 5-min stages using the skating G3 technique, whilst roller skiing on a treadmill. GE was calculated by dividing work rate by MR. Work rate was calculated as the sum of power against gravity and frictional rolling forces. MR was calculated using gas exchange and blood lactate values. Gross kinematics, i.e. cycle length (CL) and cycle rate (CR) were measured by video analysis. Furthermore, the skiers were tested for time to exhaustion (TTE), peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak ), and maximal speed (V max ) on the treadmill, and maximal strength in the laboratory. Individual performance level in sprint skating was determined by FIS points. WC skiers did not diVer in aerobic MR, but showed lower anaerobic MR and higher GE than NL skiers at a given speed (all P < 0.05). Moreover, WC skiers skated with longer CL and had higher V max and TTE (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that WC skiers are more eYcient than NL skiers, and it is proposed that this might be due to a better technique and to technique-speciWc power.

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Section: Movement Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Movement Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers

et al. 2010

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“…However, the muscle activity during the eccentric phase has not been directly measured in the study of Candau et al (1994). Moreover, it has been reported that the technique studied in this investigation (V1 skate) is no longer generally employed by skiers on¯at or small gradient terrain (Bilodeau et al 1996). Thus, it is worth to reexamining the occurrence of SSC in the lower limbs using the V2-alternate (V2A) technique of ski skating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

External loading does not change energy cost and mechanics of rollerski skating

Millet

Perrey

Candau

et al. 1998

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of external loading on the energy cost and mechanics of roller ski skating. A group of 13 highly skilled male cross-country skiers roller skied at 19.0 ( SD 0.1) km x h(-1) without additional load and with loads of 6% and 12% body mass (mb). Oxygen uptake (VO2), knee and ankle joint kinematics, roller-ski electromyogram (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles, and roller ski velocity were recorded during the last 40 s of each 4-min period of roller skiing. One-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the VO2 expressed relative to total mass (mtot), joint kinetics, eccentric-to-concentric ratio of the integrated EMG, velocity changes within a cycle, and cycle rate did not change significantly with load. The subsequent analysis of the effect of load on each resistance opposing motion suggested that the power to sustain changes in translational kinetic energy, potential energy, and overcoming rolling resistance increased proportionately with the load. The lack of a significant change in VO2/mtot with external loading was associated with a lack of marked change in external mechanical power relative to mtot. The existence of an EMG signal during the eccentric phase prior to the thrust (concentric phase), as well as the lack of significant delay between the two phases, showed that a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) occurs in roller ski skating. Taken together, the present results would suggest that external loading up to 12% mb does not increase storage and release of elastic energy of lower limb muscles during SSC in roller ski skating.

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“…Bilodeau et al (1996) investigated the Diagonal Technique of Cross-country Ski on DiŠerent Slopes diŠerences in speed, cycle length and cycle rate between the uphill section and the ‰at section during a 50 km o‹cial classical race. However, most skiers used the double pole technique on the ‰at section during that race.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagonal Technique of Cross-country Skiing on Different Slopes in a Classical 10 km Race

Hoga¹,

Sambongi²

2010

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic diŠerence in the skiing motion of the diagonal technique between diŠerent slopes during classical style cross-country 10 km o‹cial race. Methods: Data were collected from two o‹cial men 10 km cross-country races of classical technique on the same 5 km circuit course. Skiers passing in the uphill sections of the course were videotaped with a VTR camera (60 Hz) positioned at 0.4 km point (3.8 degree slope) in one race, and at 1 km point (12.4 degree slope) in another race. To reconstruct the two dimensional coordinates of the motion of subjects, a two dimensional direct linear transformation technique was used. Seven skiers including national class junior and collegiate skiers of Japan were selected as subjects on each race. Results: The time from the instant of the heel contact on the ski to the instant of the ski detaching the snow on the moderate slope was almost same as that on the steep slope. However, the gliding length after heel contact on the ski on the moderate slope was larger than that on the steep slope. The length of ski gliding resulted in the large skiing speed on the moderate slope.

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Kinematics of cross-country ski racing

Cited by 68 publications

References 23 publications

Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers

Metabolic rate and gross efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers

External loading does not change energy cost and mechanics of rollerski skating

Diagonal Technique of Cross-country Skiing on Different Slopes in a Classical 10 km Race

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