Kinematics of the free throw in basketball

Tan, Abby; Miller, Gabrielle

doi:10.1119/1.12668

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, we find a dependence of optimal strategy on target geometry, and a trade-off between speed and accuracy, which has until now been ascribed to signal dependent noise in muscles (Fitts, 1954). Our results agree with the prevalent observation in the literature that the slowest throw is most accurate (Gablonsky and Lang, 2005;Brancazio, 1981;Tan and Miller, 1981;Okubo and Hubbard, 2006). A minor modification that accounts for the distribution of angles associated with planning, allows our theory to make some testable predictions for the fraction of overarm throws used by humans in an experiment (Venkadesan and Mahadevan, In Review).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Optimal strategies for throwing accurately

Venkadesan

Mahadevan

2017

R. Soc. open sci.

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The accuracy of throwing in games and sports is governed by how errors in planning and initial conditions are propagated by the dynamics of the projectile. In the simplest setting, the projectile path is typically described by a deterministic parabolic trajectory which has the potential to amplify noisy launch conditions. By analysing how parabolic trajectories propagate errors, we show how to devise optimal strategies for a throwing task demanding accuracy. Our calculations explain observed speed–accuracy trade-offs, preferred throwing style of overarm versus underarm, and strategies for games such as dart throwing, despite having left out most biological complexities. As our criteria for optimal performance depend on the target location, shape and the level of uncertainty in planning, they also naturally suggest an iterative scheme to learn throwing strategies by trial and error.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Optimal strategies for throwing accurately

Venkadesan

Mahadevan

2017

R. Soc. open sci.

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“…These results supported the hypothesis presented herein, based on biomechanical studies (Tan & Miller, 1980;Miller & Bartiett, 1996;Tran & Silverberg, 2008) as well as on those of visual control (Oudejans, et al, 2002;de Oliveira, et al, 2008), in which the high style could improve accuracy. Also, it is consistent with the assumption that use of the high style likely refiected greater strength and more prior training and practice in shooting technique among these children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Performance as a Function of Shooting Style in Basketball Players under 11 Years of Age

Arias¹

2012

Percept Mot Skills

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Shooting style in basketball refers to the height adopted by a player in holding the ball, specifically the height of the hand and the ball with regard to the line of sight before the final extension of the elbow during a shot. The literature differentiates between a high and a low style. This study analyzed shooting frequency in young boys as a function of style and which shooting style had the highest accuracy and success in real games. Participants were 81 boys from eight basketball teams, aged 9-11 years. The sample consisted of 5,740 standard shots in 56 games. The design was nomotethic, follow-up, and multidimensional. The results indicated that low style predominated over the high style, although overall accuracy and efficacy were better using the high style. Various strategies and practical considerations are suggested for teachers and coaches to focus on teaching the high style.

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“…Sagittal plane video images could allow coaches to make crude measurements from the screen to check if shooters are using appropriate angles. Some authors have advocated that trajectory feedback to performers be made regarding the peak of flight of the shot (Hofer, 1978;Mortimer, 1951;Mullaney, 1957) (Tan & Miller, 1981) and occurs two-thirds of the way to the basket (Hofer, 1978). This could be a valuable visual checkpoint for instructors and athletes.…”

Section: Release Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%