Kinetic and morphological investigation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale formation on heat exchanger surfaces in the presence of inhibitors

Abstract

The kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, gypsum) scale formation on heated metal surface from aqueous solution has been studied by a highly reproducible technique. It has been observed that gypsum growth takes place directly on heated metal surface without any bulk or spontaneous precipitation in the supersaturated solution. A variety of maleic acid based polymers with different functional groups have been examined for their inhibitory effect on gypsum growth. The results indicate that amount of gypsum scale formed on heated metal surface is strongly affected by polymer dosage and the functional groups present in the polymer. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the gypsum crystals grown in the presence of anionic polymeric additives show that structures of these crystals are highly modified. Results on the performance of various surfactants and biocides are presented.

DLS study of a phosphonate induced gypsum scale inhibition mechanism using indifferent nanodispersions as the standards for light scattering intensity comparison

“…It is widely accepted that the gypsum nucleation is the initial step. Then ATMP gets adsorbed onto gypsum nuclei, thus blocking the active crystal growth sites [3,5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][34][35][36][37][38][39]. This theoretical ground has stimulated numerous studies on selection of inhibitors that are better adsorbed onto gypsum, calcite or another scale to form a solid surface [39][40][41][42][43][44].…”

“…A widely used technique for controlling scale deposition is an application of chemical inhibitors [2,[5][6][7][8]. Commonly used commercial antiscalants are represented mostly by three chemical families: polyphosphates, organophosphonates and organic polyelectrolytes (polyacrylates (PA), and polycarboxysulfonates (PCS)).…”

Performance of a novel fluorescent-tagged polyacrylate at a cooling tower test facility: a bench-scale and industrial-scale evaluation

“…The application of chemical inhibitors is a widely used technique for controlling scale deposition in cooling water systems [1,2]. Among these, polyacrylates are considered as an effective solution [3][4][5].…”