“…A number of analytical detection techniques are used for vanadium determination. In general, the most commonly used analyti-cal techniques are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), 10,11,12 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), which is also known as graphite furnace AAS (GF-AAS), 13 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 14,15 neutron activation analysis (NAA), 16 inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), 17 fluorometry, 18,19 requiring sample pretreatment steps such as ion-exchange, 20 solid phase extraction (SPE), 21,22 liquid phase microextraction (LPME), 23 and cloud point extraction (CPE). [24][25][26][27][28] CPE is superior to traditional solvent extraction because of its high extraction yield and preconcentration factor, and has several advantages such as simplicity, inexpensiveness, operational safety and use of non-toxic rea gents.…”