Kinetic modeling of microwave-assisted esterification for biofuel additive production: conversion of levulinic acid with pentanol using Dowex® 50WX8 catalyst

Abstract

This study explores the esterification of levulinic acid with 1-pentanol, employing Dowex® 50WX8 as a catalyst under microwave irradiation. Key parameters such as the pentanol/acid molar ratio, temperature, and catalyst loading were evaluated and utilized for kinetic modeling. The kinetic behavior of the reaction was investigated using a dual-model approach: a pseudo-homogeneous model to account for the microwave effect and catalytic contributions modeled through LHHW and Eley–Rideal mechanisms. The best model was chosen based on statistical results obtained from Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis, which involved an LHHW model with the surface reaction as the limiting step, resulting in an activation energy of 50.6 kJ mol−1 for the catalytic synthesis of pentyl levulinate. The role of the alcohol in the esterification route was explained, and catalytic stability was confirmed, with the catalyst maintaining activity over multiple cycles. The absence of mass transfer limitations was proved using the Weisz–Prater criterion. A plausible reaction pathway was proposed for the levulinic acid esterification over the 50WX8 catalyst. Graphical abstract