Kinetic Prediction for the Composition of Inclusions in the Molten Steel During the Electroslag Remelting

Wang, Jujin; Zhang, Lifeng; Wen, Tianjie; Ren, Ying; Yang, Wen

doi:10.1007/s11663-021-02120-x

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[20,23,34], leads to mainly alumina type inclusion, which correlates well with the inclusions found for slag 60CaF 2 . The general effect of the Al 2 O 3 content on the composition on the NMI composition is furthermore in good agreement with modeling results in Wang et al [38] and experimental trials in refs. [39,40], making a balanced and well-adjusted Al 2 O 3 contents a key factor for optimized slag compositions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of the Slag Composition on the Process Behavior, Energy Consumption, and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting

Schneider

Wiesinger

Gelder

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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Electroslag remelting (ESR) is a well-established secondary refining process for many steels and Ni-base alloys with highest requirements regarding material properties. The main purposes are a dense solidification of ingots with a low degree of segregation as well as the reduction of medium-sized and especially complete removal of large nonmetallic inclusions (NMI). The specific energy consumption of ESR is documented in the range from 880 to over 2000 kWh t À1 . [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Rising requirements regarding sustainability, emission control, and environmental protection have triggered new awareness for this topic. [4,8,9] Besides plant geometry and design, the customarily CaF 2 -based slag plays the key role in the heat generation and energy consumption of ESR. Key properties are the melting point as well as the electrical and thermal conductivity. [2,10] Other factors such as fill ratio and the amount of slag, or the melt rate can also have a strong effect. [4,8,[11][12][13][14][15][16] According to Holzgruber, [16] rising fill ratios up to 0.4 lead to a reduction in specific energy consumption due to a better heat transfer into the electrode and less radiation losses at the free slag surface. A further increase in fill ratio surprisingly resulted in a reversed trend due to changing immersion depths. Results from Li et al., [14] both laboratory scale and industrial size, demonstrate the strong effects of fill ratio (0.24 and 0.6) and electrical conductivity on the specific energy consumption with values below 1000 kWh t À1 at higher fill ratios combined with low or no CaF 2 -containing slags. CaF 2 -free slags in Brückmann and Schwerdtfeger [17] confirmed their particular advantage in specific energy consumption with values below 1000 kWh t À1 .There are only few reports of systematic research on energy consumption in ESR on the industrial scale. A recent investigation with a wider variation of slags is documented in refs. [5][6][7], and confirms an almost linear increase with electrical conductivity. A similar but less pronounced increase is reported in Jäger and Kühnelt [18] for slag composition with a wide variety of CaF 2 contents and a significantly higher fill ratio. A recent summary on the different effects of the fill ratio and the electrical conductivity on the specific energy consumption can be found in Schneider et al., [4] indicating that the energy consumption data from laboratory scale

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of the Slag Composition on the Process Behavior, Energy Consumption, and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting

Schneider

Wiesinger

Gelder

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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“…Reports on the topic of inclusion removal vary in the conclusions as to which sites are mostly responsible for that process. Wang et al [14,42] and Shi [43] using a model approach, suggest that the inclusion removal reactions are essentially complete by the time the drops reach the slag/ ingot interface. Fraser and Mitchell [44] on the other hand also using a model approach concludes that reaction rates at the electrode/slag and ingot/slag interfaces are approximately equal and that no significant reaction takes place during the drop fall due to the short reaction time.…”

Section: Slag/metal Reactions Influencing Oxide Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model agrees with experimental findings of [O] and [Al] in the ingot metal if the slag temperature is set at 2000 K. The reported experimental [O] and [Al] values, however, are equivalent to an equilibrium at approximately 1900 K leading to indications that either the slag temperature was unusually-high (due to the high resistance slag used) or that the model over-estimates the extent of reaction. Similar models using a ‘quasi-equilibrium’ approach to the slag/metal reactions [5,32,36,42] are able to use reasonably precise thermochemical data for the components, but the conclusions also suffer from ill-defined temperatures at the reaction sites. We may draw the conclusion that the secondary inclusions, produced by the slag/metal reactions, have a quantity and composition which depends on the temperature at the slag/ingot interface and so are a function of the furnace size.…”

Section: Considerations Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Comments on oxide inclusion formation/removal in the ESR process

Mitchell

Sjoqvist-Persson²

2022

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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There are numerous studies of inclusions in ESR material but several questions remain as to the way in which they are removed and formed during the process. We present a critical survey of the existing data with the intention of assembling what is currently known of the mechanisms and from that survey presenting the potential routes for the inclusion behaviour. We conclude that there is a significant difference in inclusion comportment between that in small furnace processing and that in large industrial operations. The difference arises in the temperature regime, metal residence time in the reaction zones and in the operating differences in the electrode melting geometry. As a result, it is also concluded that care must be taken in relating experimental data from laboratory ESR furnaces directly to describing inclusion reactions in the industrial process. Additionally, mechanical property results obtained from small ingots, which are influenced by inclusion content, should not be taken as the same properties of ingots made on the industrial scale.

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“…Based on the FactSage calculation results, the activity of oxygen and sulfur in the steel was calculated according to Equation ( 9), and the corresponding interaction coefficient used in the calculation is listed in Table 4. [40][41][42] Combined with Equation ( 7)-( 9), the steel surface tension at 1853 K was calculated. Parameters used in the calculation are listed in Table 5.…”

Section: The Penetration Of Steel Into the Refractorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interaction coefficients used in the calculation. [40][41][42] i j Table 5. Parameters for calculating the steel surface tension.…”

Section: The Penetration Of Steel Into the Refractorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cerium on the Interaction between a Si–Mn‐Killed Steel and a MgO‐Based Refractory

Cui

Cheng

Ren

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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Herein, the contact angle between a Si–Mn‐killed steel and MgO‐based refractory is measured in a reduction atmosphere at 1853 K using the sessile drop method. As the cerium content in the steel increases from 0 to 0.0450 wt%, the initial contact angle between the steel and the refractory slightly increases from 136° to 138°, the equilibrium contact angle decreases from 131° to 124°, and the steel surface tension reduces from 1.756 to 1.624 N m−1. Cerium in the steel retards the formation of Mg–Si–O oxide on the steel drop surface. A higher cerium content promotes the chemical reaction, resulting in a decrease in the contact angle. The cerium addition leads to an increase in the steel–refractory reaction depth. With an increase in cerium in the steel, the meniscus contact angle between the steel and the micropore in the refractory increases. Consequently, the lower driving force of steel penetrating into the refractory causes the reduction of steel penetration into the refractory.

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Kinetic Prediction for the Composition of Inclusions in the Molten Steel During the Electroslag Remelting

Cited by 20 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of the Slag Composition on the Process Behavior, Energy Consumption, and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting

Effect of the Slag Composition on the Process Behavior, Energy Consumption, and Nonmetallic Inclusions during Electroslag Remelting

Comments on oxide inclusion formation/removal in the ESR process

Effect of Cerium on the Interaction between a Si–Mn‐Killed Steel and a MgO‐Based Refractory

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