Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrite Based on Its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidation of Methyl Red by Bromate

Ghasemi, Jahan B.; Jabbari, Ali; Amini, Ali; Oskoei, Ahmad Golzari; Abdolahi, Bahare

doi:10.1081/al-200026698

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Methods, selectively intended for the quantitative determination of nitrite alone include kinetic methods (Koupparis et al, 1982;Liang et al, 1994), spectrophotometry with or without flow injection analysis (Ensafi and Dehaghei, 1999;Ghasemi et al, 2004;Fang et al, 2002;Chen et al, 1999;Ensafi and Keyvanfard, 1994), chemiluminescence (He et al, 2007;Gao et al, 2005), fluorescence (Li et al, 2003;Jie et al, 1999;Jie et al, 1994;Jie et al 1993;Gao 2002), optical sensor technology (Kazemzadeh, 2005;Kazemzadeh and Daghighi, 2005) and even dipstick technology (Fang et al, 2005).…”

Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2009

EFS2

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SUMMARYNitrite is formed naturally by the nitrogen cycle during the process of nitrogen fixation and it is subsequently converted to nitrate, a major nutrient assimilated by plants. Two main nitrite salt forms occur, namely sodium and potassium nitrite.In animal tissues, nitrite is naturally present mainly as the result of endogenous nitrate conversion. Animal feed represents a natural source of exogenous nitrite and because of its potential for toxicity at excessive levels of intake, the Directive (EC) No 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances in animal feed established maximum limits for sodium nitrite in complete feedingstuffs excluding feedingstuffs intended for pets except birds and aquarium fish, and fish meal of 15 and 60 mg/kg, respectively (corresponding to 10 and 40 mg/kg for the nitrite ion). Nitrite in drinking water is regulated in Europe, with a maximum level of 0.5 mg/L. Nitrate levels in forages are naturally high and the inter-conversion of nitrate to nitrite is the largest contributor to nitrite exposure in food-producing animals. Dietary intake of nitrite per se results from the use of vegetable feeds and forages, fertilisers/manures or when used as an antimicrobial for preservation, for example in silage, processed pet food, and in former times fish meal. Additionally, water can be an important dietary source of nitrite via reduction of nitrate. The main analytical technique used to measure both nitrite and nitrate is colourimetry because of its sensitivity and specificity. Three member states provided analytical results on feedingstuffs and nitrite levels were below the maximum levels in all feed commodities.Acutely, nitrite is approximately ten-fold more toxic than nitrate and three main toxicological endpoints have been identified: methaemoglobin formation (in a wide range of species including man), hypertrophy of the adrenal zona glomerulosa (rats), and equivocal evidence In monogastric animals, most nitrite is formed and absorbed in the upper digestive tract. In contrast in ruminants, nitrite and nitrate is metabolised by the rumen flora. Reports of adverse effects after excessive nitrite exposure in livestock exist, and pigs and ruminants, as major food producing animals, are particularly susceptible: this is because of relatively low nitrite reductase activity and high levels of rumen conversion of exogenous nitrate to nitrite, respectively. Acknowledging diverse husbandry conditions between reported studies, NoObserved Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) for pigs and cattle have been estimated from the literature with a value of 3.3 mg/kg b.w. per day in both species. In turn, total daily nitrite intakes were estimated for pigs and cattle using the maximum exposure level in complete feed according to the current legislation (10 mg/kg), typical feeding regimens within the European Union and maximum nitrite level in forages from member states (cattle). Overall, the estimated nitrite intakes for pigs and cattle from feed were 0.37 and 0.65 mg/kg b.w. per day (excluding endogenous formation of n...

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Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2009

EFS2

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“…In most cases, the following classes of organic reagents were used: fuchsin compounds (bromocresol purple [19]; catechol violet [20]; thymol blue [21]; methylthymol blue [22]); fuchson-imines (crystal violet [23]; methyl violet [24]; brilliant green [25]); phenoxazine dyes (brilliant cresyl blue [26]; gallocyanine [27]); pyridylhydrazone derivatives [28]); substituted phenothiazine derivatives (thionine [29]; chlorpromazine [30]; prochlorperazine [31]; perphenazine [32]); triarylmethane derivatives -fluorescein analogues (bromopyrogallol red [33]). A few works propose the use of azo dyes (methyl red [34]; 2-(4-chloro-2-phosphonophenylazo)-7-(4-nitrophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid [35]). Kinetic-spectrophotometric methods for nitrite analysis present some advantages such as high sensitivity, low detection limits, good selectivity, rapid analysis and inexpensive instrumentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric determination of nitrite by its catalytic effect on the oxidation of congo red with bromate

Moldovan¹

2012

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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ABSTRACT. A novel simple, sensitive and rapid kinetic-spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of nitrite is proposed. The method is based on its catalytic effect on the oxidation of congo red (CR) by potassium bromate in acidic solution. The oxidation reaction is monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the absorbance of CR at a suitable λmax = 570 nm for the first 10-40 s from the start of the reaction. Under the optimum experimental conditions (sulfuric acid, 0.3 M; CR, 0.75×10 -4 M; potassium bromate, 5×10-4 M and 25 o C), nitrite can be determined in the range of 0.015-0.75 µg mL −1 with the detection limit of 0.006 µg mL −1 . The relative standard deviation of five replicate determination of 0.25 µg mL −1 nitrite was 2.5%. The proposed method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of nitrite in spiked drinking water samples.

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“…Furthermore, many of aromatic amines are carcinogens; the procedure also affects the health of the operators. Some kinetic spectrophotometric methods based on the catalytic effect of nitrite on the decolorization of colored compounds such as methylthymol blue (Pouretedal and Nazari 2004), pyrogallolsulfonephthalein (Ensafi et al 2004), methyl red (Ghasemi et al 2004), crystal violet (Yue et al 2004), methylene blue (Shen et al 2002), bromocresol purple (Bai and Chi 2001), pyrogallol red (Kazemzadeh and Ensafi 2001a, b), molybdosilicic acid blue (Barzegar et al 2000), brilliant cresyl blue (BCB; Prasad and Halafihi 2002), and acridine orange (Chen et al 1999) by potassium bromate have also been reported. These kinetic methods are characterized by high sensitivity but often suffer from many kinds of interferences, as well as of the strict reaction conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Nitrite with Brilliant Cresyl Blue Using β-Cyclodextrin as a Sensitizer

Jiang

Guo

2009

Food Anal. Methods

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A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of nitrite has been described. The method is based on the oxidation of brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) by nitrite in acidic medium, which results in the decrease in absorbance at 636 nm. The decrease in absorbance is directly proportional to nitrite concentration obeying Beer's law. The sensitivity is largely enhanced in the presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) because of inclusion complexation. It was calculated that β-CD and BCB could form 1:1 inclusion complexation with a formation constant of 546.6 L/mol. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.02×10 −3 -0.8×10 −3 g/L sodium nitrite at 636 nm. The detection limit for the analytical procedure was 4.0×10 −6 g/L sodium nitrite. The relative standard deviation for determination of 0.1×10 −3 g/L and 0.5×10 −3 g/L sodium nitrite were 0.69% and 0.38%, for ten determinations, respectively. Twenty-two coexistent ions or species were examined, and no serious interference for most of ions was observed. The method has been applied to determine nitrite in water and vegetable samples with satisfactory results.

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Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrite Based on Its Catalytic Effect on the Oxidation of Methyl Red by Bromate

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Spectrophotometric determination of nitrite by its catalytic effect on the oxidation of congo red with bromate

Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Nitrite with Brilliant Cresyl Blue Using β-Cyclodextrin as a Sensitizer

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