Kinetic study of radical polymerization. IV. Determination of reactivity ratio in copolymerization of styrene and itaconic acid by ¹H‐NMR

Abstract

Here, online 1 H-NMR spectroscopy has been successfully applied to investigate the kinetic parameters of radical copolymerization of styrene (St) and itaconic acid (IA). This technique was used because it allowed us to individually map out the monomer conversions of St and IA during the course of the polymerization at various conversions. This was possible because the individual contributions to the overall monomer conversion from St and IA could be measured through their nonoverlapping vinylic proton signals. The results of monomer conversion during the time in the corresponding 1 H-NMR spectra was the basis of our analysis to determine the reactivity ratios of St and IA in the solution and radical copolymerization reaction by several methods. In addition to linear least-squares methods, such as Finemann-Ross, inverted Finemann-Ross, Mayo-Lewis, Kelen-Tudos, extended Kelen-Tudos, and Mao-Huglin, a nonlinear least-square method (TidwellMortimer) was used for this purpose, at low conversions. Extended Kelen-Tudos and Mao-Huglin were applied to determine the reactivity ratio values at high conversions too.

pH responsive itaconic acid grafted alginate microspheres for the controlled release of nifedipine

“…doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.054 systems and biotechnological applications (Gombotz & Wee, 1998;Shi et al, 2005;Simpson et al, 2006). IA is one of the monomers which is obtained from renewable resources by microorganism fermentation with Aspergillus terrus and Pseudozyma antarctica using carbohydrate materials as molasses and hydrolyzed starch at low cost (Levinson, Kurtzman, & Kuo, 2006;Mahdavian, Abdollahi, Mokhtabad, Bijanzadeh, & Ziaee, 2006). It is very hydrophilic and is expected to show high biocompatibility because it is derived from natural sources.…”

Copolymers of N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methacrylamide with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

“…Most existing procedures for calculating reactivity ratios can be classified as linear least-squares (LLS), and non-linear leastsquares (NLLS) methods. It is accepted that LLS methods such as those proposed by Finemann and Ross [10], and by Kelen and Tüdõs [11], can only be applied to experimental data at sufficiently low conversion, because the calculation is based on the differential copolymerization equation [12]. The extended Kelen-Tüdõs method [13] involves a rather more complex calculation.…”

Heteroarm Star-Shaped Poly (N-isopropylacryamide-co-itaconic acid) Copolymer Prepared by Glucose Core as ATRP Initiator

“…In addition, this monomer as a hydrophilic monomer can shift the LCST to higher temperatures, which should be lower than the physiological temperature of 37 C for in vivo applications, and may determine the resiliency of a polymer under physiological conditions [25][26][27][28][29]. To our knowledge, no report could be found in the literature about the successful ATRP copolymerization of IA with NIPAAm [30]. Here we have developed a new design of star-shaped thermosensitive poly (NIPAAm-co-IA) copolymer with a biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic multifunctional glucose core that makes it suitable for pharmaceutical applications.…”