Kinetics and Degradation Mechanism of Adrenaline Derivative CpQ in Diluted Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

The degradation kinetics of an adrenaline (epinephrine) derivative, CpQ, was studied in solution in the pH range of 1-12 at 40-80 °C by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The pH-rate profile exhibits a bell-shaped curve with two sigmoidal regions in the specific acid-catalyzed and specific base-catalyzed regions. The pH range of maximum stability was 2.5-4.5 with the main degradation pathway being the oxidative N-dealkylation of the aliphatic amino moiety followed by fast interconversion of the resulting fragments to stable degradation products. The autoxidation reaction was slower than the reaction of the oxygen reactive species. The chiral center underwent R to S racemization by a polar reaction mechanism under acidic conditions with a rate minimum at pH 4. The rates of degradation of the R and S enantiomers were similar across all pHs. CpQ degradation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at 40 °C was significantly faster, and the extent of increases with pH. Metal ions bind to CpQ and catalyze its hydrolysis in the order Fe > Fe > Mg > Mn > Ti > Sr > Zn, with a rate enhancement of ≤1 order of magnitude at the studied pH values of 1 and 5. There was no buffer catalysis observed in the hydrolysis of the studied compound for maleate and phosphate but significant buffer catalysis in the case of citrate and malate.

Enhancing Adrenaline Sensing with Lanthanum Cuprate: A Promising Approach for a Novel Sensor

“…Additionally, the kinetics of the adrenaline oxidation reaction is slower under alkaline conditions. 44,45 In summary, pH 4 allows for fast oxidation kinetics, avoids significant electrode fouling, and maintains adrenaline in its optimal neutral form -leading to the highest observed electrochemical oxidation currents. Moreover, acidic media is not uncommon for adrenaline detection.…”