Kinetics and Heat Exchanger Design for Catalytic Ortho‐Para Hydrogen Conversion during Liquefaction

Donaubauer, Philipp J.; Cardella, Umberto; Decker, Lutz; Klein, Harald

doi:10.1002/ceat.201800345

Cited by 51 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The thermodynamic minimum of hydrogen liquefaction depends on the inlet conditions of hydrogen to the liquefiers and is about 3 kWh kg H2 -1 . In the design of all hydrogen liquefier cycles, the ortho-para transition of hydrogen must be considered to avoid hydrogen boil-off during storage [42]. A cost analysis in terms of levelized costs of liquid hydrogen covering operational expenses, maintenance, and investment costs depending on liquefier size is given by Cardella [43].…”

Section: Hydrogen Liquefaction and Hrs Based On Liquid Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermodynamic minimum of hydrogen liquefaction depends on the inlet conditions of hydrogen to the liquefiers and is about 3 kWh kg H2 −1 . In the design of all hydrogen liquefier cycles, the ortho‐para transition of hydrogen must be considered to avoid hydrogen boil‐off during storage .…”

Section: Enabling the Hydrogen Economy By Hydrogen Purification Compmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Industrial Perspective on Hydrogen Purification, Compression, Storage, and Distribution

Peschel

2020

Fuel Cells

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Green hydrogen production by electrolysis using renewable power allows for decoupling the time and location of hydrogen production and use. Even if pipeline transport of hydrogen is most economic for large scale, transport by trailers will be present in near and mid‐term future since the construction of a hydrogen pipeline network will take a long time. Furthermore, the volume of trailer transport will increase with increasing hydrogen demand raising the question what the best hydrogen carrier is. Within this contribution, different hydrogen carriers are compared regarding their energy efficiency and their practicability. In addition, an overview of hydrogen compression technology is given including piston, membrane, screw, electrochemical, thermal, and turbo compressors. As hydrogen carriers, gaseous compressed hydrogen (CGH), liquid hydrogen, (LH2), liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC), metal organic frameworks (MOF), hydrides and ammonia are evaluated. CGH is most energy efficient for short transport distances, but for longer distances a higher hydrogen density is required. Here, LH2 and LOHCs compete both showing a high hydrogen density. However, if larger hydrogen liquefiers are built in future, LH2 is more practical due to its better energy efficiency (at least for fueling station supply) and proven technology readiness.

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Section: Hydrogen Liquefaction and Hrs Based On Liquid Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enabling the Hydrogen Economy By Hydrogen Purification Compmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial Perspective on Hydrogen Purification, Compression, Storage, and Distribution

Peschel

2020

Fuel Cells

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“…Consequently, detectable adsorbates are limited to strongly bound ones, while volatile intermediates will not survive the experimental procedure. In the paper at hand, we therefore emphasize the transfer strategy for the post-mortem analysis, and estimate the degree of equilibration, i.e., during the transfer Catalysts 2020, 10, 433 3 of 14 process by the ortho-para conversion of hydrogen [15][16][17] taking place in parallel. The observations underline that INS facilitates the interpretation of spectra obtained by the true operando method DRIFTS on the very same sample.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Volatile Hydrogen Intermediates of CO2 Methanation by Inelastic Neutron Scattering

et al. 2020

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Despite vast research efforts, the detection of volatile intermediates of catalytic reactions remains a challenge: in addition to the compatibility of the technique to the harsh reaction conditions, a molecular understanding is hampered by the difficulty of extracting meaningful information from operando techniques applied on complex materials. Diffusive reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is a powerful method, but it is restricted by optical selection rules particularly affecting the detection of hydrogen. This gap can be filled by inelastic neutron scattering (INS). However, INS cannot be used on hydrogenated systems at temperatures higher than 20 K. We demonstrate how its use as a post-mortem method gives insights into the crucial intermediates during CO2 methanation on Ni/alumina-silica catalysts. We detect a variety of H–, O–, and C-based intermediates. A striking outcome is that hydrogen and oxygen are concurrently chemisorbed on the catalysts, a result that needs the combined effort of DRIFTS and INS.

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“…Research topics relating to improved LHL technologies include the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy [14] and geothermal energy [15]; the use of mixed refrigerants (MR) for pre-cooling [16][17][18]; and the use of helium in the cryogenic cooling and liquefaction part of the process [19,20]. Other research has focused on the impact of the conversion of ortho-hydrogen to para-hydrogen on the liquefaction process [21,22] and the relative performance of different heat exchanger types [17,22,23]. The suggested efficiency of the proposed concepts for LHL studied lie in the range 5 to 8 kWh/kg [13], which represents a substantial motivation for the implementation of these technologies in the next generation of LHL plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of a Mixed Refrigerant Based H2 Liquefaction Pre-Cooling Process and Estimate of Liquefaction Performance with Varying Ambient Temperature

Jackson

Brodal

2021

Energies

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Hydrogen used as an energy carrier can provide an important route to the decarbonization of energy supplies, but realizing this opportunity will require both significantly increased production and transportation capacity. One route to increased transportation capacity is the shipping of liquid hydrogen, but this requires an energy-intensive liquefaction step. Recent study work has shown that the energy required in this process can be reduced through the implementation of new and improved process designs, but since all low-temperature processes are affected by the available heat-sink temperature, local ambient conditions will also have an impact. The objective of this work is to identify how the energy consumption associated with hydrogen liquefaction varies with heat-sink temperature through the optimization of design parameters for a next-generation mixed refrigerant based hydrogen liquefaction process. The results show that energy consumption increases by around 20% across the cooling temperature range 5 to 50 °C. Considering just the range 20 to 30 °C, there is a 5% increase, illustrating the significant impact ambient temperature can have on energy consumption. The implications of this work are that the modelling of different liquified hydrogen based energy supply chains should take the impact of ambient temperature into account.

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Kinetics and Heat Exchanger Design for Catalytic Ortho‐Para Hydrogen Conversion during Liquefaction

Cited by 51 publications

References 36 publications

Industrial Perspective on Hydrogen Purification, Compression, Storage, and Distribution

Industrial Perspective on Hydrogen Purification, Compression, Storage, and Distribution

Volatile Hydrogen Intermediates of CO2 Methanation by Inelastic Neutron Scattering

Optimization of a Mixed Refrigerant Based H2 Liquefaction Pre-Cooling Process and Estimate of Liquefaction Performance with Varying Ambient Temperature

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