Kinetics of CD4‐1+ lymphocytes in brown trout after exposure to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus

Abstract

Piscine novirhabdovirus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, originally called Egtved virus and commonly known as "viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV)," is a highly pathogenic virus causing overwhelming harmful effects in salmonids, specifically in Europe, resulting in great economic losses. This virus severally affects not only hatchery-reared rainbow trout but also cultured brown trout (Salmo trutta), leading to disease outbreaks (Warren, 2002). In farmed brown trout, VHSV has also been reported, but this disease has more devastating effects in rainbow trout (Skall et al., 2005). In another study, the virus tends to be less invasive following infection (Eruznannx & Konnao, 1985). Brown trout, a much-valued European sport fish among anglers, is also preferred for the table and has high economic importance in Europe. Nevertheless, VHSV is one of the most important pathogens affecting the aquaculture industry.According to European legislation (2006/88/EC), it is a notifiable disease. There are little data regarding the CD4-related immune response of brown trout against this virus. Challenging the fish immune system with a virus is suggested to be a valuable to investigate the immune defence mechanisms in host (Kennedy & Farrell, 2008).In fish, there are two types of CD4-like molecules: CD4-1 and CD4L-2 (or CD4REL). In teleost, four Ig-like domains: (D1-D3 and D2-D4) are included in CD4-1 molecules. However, CD4-2 molecules may contain two or three Ig-like domains (D1 and D3) (Castro et al., 2011). CD4 homologues have already been reported in fish, that is sea bass (

Gut Immune System and the Implications of Oral-Administered Immunoprophylaxis in Finfish Aquaculture

“…And two subtypes of CD4-2, i.e. , CD4-2a and CD4-2b, have been reported in brown trout ( 64 ). Expression levels of CD4-1, CD4-2a, and CD4-2b were recorded to be different in the same tissues of rainbow trout against antigenic stimulation ( 64 , 65 ).…”

“…To date, few major types of helper T-cells have been reported in fish, namely CD4-1 + single-positive cells, CD4-2 + single-positive cells (63) as well as CD4-1 + /CD4-2 + double-positive cells (44). And two subtypes of CD4-2, i.e., CD4-2a and CD4-2b, have been reported in brown trout (64). Expression levels of CD4-1, CD4-2a, and CD4-2b were recorded to be different in the same tissues of rainbow trout against antigenic stimulation (64,65).…”

“…And two subtypes of CD4-2, i.e., CD4-2a and CD4-2b, have been reported in brown trout (64). Expression levels of CD4-1, CD4-2a, and CD4-2b were recorded to be different in the same tissues of rainbow trout against antigenic stimulation (64,65). While CD4-1 + cells have been revealed to play a pivotal role against viral diseases in ginbuna crucian carp (Carassius auratus) (62), a study using olive flounder as the animal model showed that CD4-2 helper Tcells proliferated earlier and higher in number than CD4-1 cells (66), suggesting that CD4-2 cells are important in the early phase of cell-mediated immunity.…”

Designing a novel mRNA vaccine against Vibrio harveyi infection in fish: an immunoinformatics approach

“…The hemolysin protein is a crucial protein that allows viruses to penetrate the host cell wall, making it a suitable target antigen for vaccine development [ 11 ]. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes [ 12 ] and CD4+ T cell epitopes were found to diverge in fish species [ 13 ] by epitopes mapping using fish with experimentally infected disease and a library of overlapping peptides of viruses [ 14 ]. Immunizations are intended to elicit an immune response to a potentially lethal foreign pathogen and to prepare the body to infiltrate those particles, limit toxicity, or initiate assassination activities against the bacteria.…”

Use of Integrated Core Proteomics, Immuno-Informatics, and In Silico Approaches to Design a Multiepitope Vaccine against Zoonotic Pathogen Edwardsiella tarda

“…Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes of fish were discovered from in vivo experiments and a peptide database of the overlapping pathogens [15] and CD4+ T cell epitopes were detected in a diverse range of species [16,17]. Fish possess immunoglobulins, major histocompatibility complexes, T-cell receptors, and lymphocytes that can elicit specific immune responses against a wide range of antigens, which are similar to those produced by B and T cells [17].…”