Kinetics of Copper Incorporation into a Biosynthetic Purple Cu_AAzurin: Characterization of Red, Blue, and a New Intermediate Species

Abstract

Evolutionary links between type 1 blue copper (T1 Cu), type 2 red copper (T2 Cu), and purple Cu(A) cupredoxins have been proposed, but the structural features and mechanism responsible for such links as well as for assembly of Cu(A) sites in vivo are poorly understood, even though recent evidence demonstrated that the Cu(II) oxidation state plays an important role in this process. In this study, we examined the kinetics of Cu(II) incorporation into the Cu(A) site of a biosynthetic Cu(A) model, Cu(A) azurin (Cu(A)Az) and found that both T1 Cu and T2 Cu intermediates form on the path to final Cu(A) reconstitution in a pH-dependent manner, with slower kinetics and greater accumulation of the intermediates as the pH is raised from 5.0 to 7.0. While these results are similar to those observed previously in the native Cu(A) center of nitrous oxide reductase, the faster kinetics of copper incorporation into Cu(A)Az allowed us to use lower copper equivalents to reveal a new pathway of copper incorporation, including a novel intermediate that has not been reported in cupredoxins before, with intense electronic absorption maxima at ~410 and 760 nm. We discovered that this new intermediate underwent reduction to Cu(I), and proposed that it is a Cu(II)-dithiolate species. Oxygen-dependence studies demonstrated that the T1 Cu species only formed in the presence of molecular oxygen, suggesting the T1 Cu intermediate is a one-electron oxidation product of a Cu(I) species. By studying Cu(A)Az variants where the Cys and His ligands are mutated, we have identified the T2 Cu intermediate as a capture complex with Cys116 and the T1 Cu intermediate as a complex with Cys112 and His120. These results led to a unified mechanism of copper incorporation and new insights regarding the evolutionary link between all cupredoxin sites as well as the in vivo assembly of Cu(A) centers.

Protein Design: Toward Functional Metalloenzymes

“…This T1Cu center then combines with a reduced Cu(I) to form a Cu A center. 457 The intermediates reported in this work were very similar to those reported for the native Cu A metalation process in cytochrome oxidase, although one should recognize that copper is inserted in vivo from the Cu(I) oxidation level using a metallochaperone. 466 …”

Binuclear CuA Formation in Biosynthetic Models of CuA in Azurin Proceeds via a Novel Cu(Cys)2His Mononuclear Copper Intermediate

“…Expression and purification was done as described previously, 38, 44, 58, 59 with some modifications. Bacterial cultures were grown in 2XYT media at 25°C until an OD of ~0.6–1.0 was reached.…”

“…58, 59 A single intermediate was observed as a rapidly-formed green Cu center in the soluble domain of Tt Cu A and this intermediate was identified as a mononuclear Cu(II)(Cys) 2 (His) complex, based on UV-vis, EPR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies. 56 On the other hand, addition of 10-fold excess CuSO 4 to the apo Cu A Az, a red T2Cu intermediate was formed within 10 ms, followed by formation of the purple Cu A site at longer times.…”

Design and fine-tuning redox potentials of metalloproteins involved in electron transfer in bioenergetics

“…Several reports are available on engineering a Cu A center in different proteins and much insight has been provided about the native system by studying these models [9,70–73]. A Cu A site was first designed into a quinol oxidase through mutating residues in quinol oxidase to their corresponding Cu ligands in subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (C c O), guided by structure-dependent sequence alignment [74].…”