Kinetics of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester accumulation in dog plasma and brain

Dahms, Irina; Bailey-Hall, Eileen; Salem, Norman

doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2016.08.001

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As already mentioned, an unexpected and remarkably fast plateau phase in plasma PUFA, especially in plasma ALA levels and the n-6:n-3 ratio, was reached after approximately 10 d of supplementation. This corresponds to recent findings in beagles, which showed that dose-dependent effects of dietary DHA are related to a steady state in plasma after 28 d of supplementation or perhaps even earlier (33) . Further supplementation beyond this time span did not affect plasma DHA levels considerably.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Saliva cortisol responses to altered plasma PUFA patterns in guinea pigs

et al. 2018

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PUFA modulate hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity and cortisol concentrations and therefore affect physiological stress responses and the regulation of energy balance in the short- and long-term. Especially dietary intake of n-3 PUFA and a lowered n-6:n-3 ratio are highly encouraged due to beneficial and diminishing effects on basal cortisol secretions. However, the time of such effects to occur and how plasma PUFA patterns affect cortisol concentrations in the short-term was rarely investigated. In order to address this, we supplemented forty male and forty female guinea pigs with diets high in the essential PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18 : 3n-3) and linoleic acid (LA, 18 : 2n-6) for 20 d. Saliva cortisol concentrations in relation to altering plasma PUFA patterns during this time span were analysed in a repeated measurement design both during basal conditions (individual housing) in 5-d intervals and during stressful social confrontations. We detected very fast plasma PUFA accumulation rates, corresponding to the major dietary PUFA, which resulted in plasma PUFA plateau phases after 10 d. ALA negatively and LA positively affected saliva cortisol concentrations throughout the study. A positive effect of the plasma n-6:n-3 ratio on saliva cortisol concentrations was detected during peak plasma PUFA accumulations and social confrontations, while no effects were detected in relation to plasma PUFA plateau phases. These results suggest that the plasma n-6:n-3 ratio diminishes HPA axis activity during altered physiological conditions only and highlights the importance of altering plasma PUFA patterns for HPA axis functions and the control of energy balance and physiological stress.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Saliva cortisol responses to altered plasma PUFA patterns in guinea pigs

et al. 2018

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“…Accordingly, supplemented EPA and DHA allow for the partial replacement of ARA in the lipids of blood cells and organ cells thereby reducing the ARA content and the amount of ARA available to form metabolites (Nakamura & Nara, ; Raatz et al, ). A competitive relationship between the long‐chain n−3 and n−6 fatty acids was reported in dogs as well (Bauer, ; Dahms et al, ). In the present study, the ARA levels in the AOCED‐treated groups were comparable to the control in both generations indicating that no ARA deficiency was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The DHA levels decreased slightly between weeks 8 and 24 in the AOCED‐treated groups, suggesting that plasma DHA levels reached the saturation in the early development. In human and dog studies, it has been reported that plasma DHA concentrations typically plateau in about a month after the start of the DHA supplementation (Arterburn, Hall, & Oken, ; Dahms, Bailey‐Hall, & Salem, ). The queens' plasma DHA levels were measured after 126 days of exposure to the AOCED diets, and the kittens were exposed to DHA already in utero and subsequently during lactation .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of Algal Oil Containing EPA and DHA in cats during gestation, lactation and growth

Vuorinen

Bailey-Hall²,

Karagiannis

et al. 2020

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Algal Oil Containing EPA and DHA (AOCED) at approximately 50% was developed as a sustainable n−3 fatty acid source. AOCED was incorporated in diets at dose levels of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5% and 3.0% (w/w) and administered to healthy domestic shorthair female cats starting two weeks before mating, then during mating, gestation, lactation and to their kittens until they reached 32 weeks of age. The diets were made isocaloric and met the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) nutrient requirements of cats for growth and reproduction. Dietary AOCED treatment did not affect the overall health, physiological parameters, food consumption and body weights of the queens and their kittens. No AOCED‐related changes in haematology, coagulation or clinical chemistry parameters were observed in either generation when compared to control cats. Plasma levels of EPA and DHA were dose‐dependently increased in both generations, demonstrating bioavailability of the fatty acids. In this study, safety of AOCED at levels up to 3.0% in the diet was demonstrated in cats with administration starting in utero and until kittens reached 32 weeks of age. Bioavailability of EPA and DHA in cats supports use of AOCED as a source of EPA and DHA for feline growth and reproduction.

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“…Such recommendations have led to multiple studies in growing and aged dog populations. Similar to results obtained in human studies, supplementing adult dogs with omega-3 fatty acids elevated serum alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and ameliorated pain related to osteoarthritis [ 12 , 13 ], perhaps through a reduction in arachidonic acid [ 14 ]. Feeding puppies omega-3 -enriched foods improved cognitive development as assessed by memory and maze navigation [ 15 ] and supplementing pregnant and lactating bitches with omega-3 fatty acids is associated with increased retinal function, cognitive ability, and trainability of the puppies [ 16 – 18 ] with DHA being more effective than ALA [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In a long term, 9 month study, DHA demonstrated no overt signs of toxicity when fed to 6-7month old beagles dogs [ 23 ] and another study reported that dogs were able to tolerate high dietary DHA levels without intestinal upset [ 14 ]. Nevertheless, investigators have urged caution in that potential risks of DHA supplementation have not been fully explored [ 23 , 24 ] and adverse responses to dogs fed omega-3 fatty acids, catalogued in Lenox and Bauer [ 24 ], include gastric upset, lipid peroxidation, impaired immune function, and prolonged wound healing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on offspring hip joint conformation

et al. 2018

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Unsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), when fed to dogs improves cognitive and neurological development. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has also been associated with lipid peroxidation, which in turn has been implicated in reduced body weight and altered bone formation. To assess the impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on skeletal growth, diets containing three levels of DHA and EPA (0.01 and 0.01%, 0.14 and 0.12%, and 0.21 and 0.18%, respectively) were fed to bitches during gestation and lactation with puppies also supplemented through weaning. Thus, the subjects studied were the puppies supplemented with DHA and EPA through gestation and early postnatal life. The hip joint conformation of the puppies (n = 676) was recorded at adulthood using two radiographic, non-invasive evaluations. In this population, females had higher hip distraction indices (DI) than males. Males from the lower two levels of DHA and EPA supplementation had significantly smaller hip DI than all females and males from the highest DHA and EPA supplementation. In contrast, there were no diet effects on anatomical indicators of hip joint conformation and no visible arthritic changes. These data suggest that dietary supplementation of DHA and EPA during gestation and the perinatal period to weaning does not adversely influence hip joint formation of dogs.

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Kinetics of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester accumulation in dog plasma and brain

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Saliva cortisol responses to altered plasma PUFA patterns in guinea pigs

Saliva cortisol responses to altered plasma PUFA patterns in guinea pigs

Safety of Algal Oil Containing EPA and DHA in cats during gestation, lactation and growth

Maternal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on offspring hip joint conformation

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