Kinetics of ethanol hydrochlorination over γ-Al2O3 in a microstructured reactor

Structured microreactor with gold and palladium on titania: Active, regenerable and durable catalyst coatings for the gas-phase partial oxidation of 1-butanol

“…The thickness of the catalyst coating has been reported to be the most significant parameter related to limitations in internal diffusion [9]. A thin layer of the catalyst is necessary in order to avoid internal mass transfer resistance and to operate the catalyst-coated microreactors in the desired kinetic regime [10,46]. According to related studies, the thickness of the catalyst coating should be less than 40 µm, based on empirical correlation [10,11], which contributes to shorter characteristic diffusion time scales [39].…”

“…To be used in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions, the catalytically active material can be coated onto the microreactor walls [6][7][8]. A thin catalyst layer (<40 µm) coated on the channel walls allows an investigation of the intrinsic kinetics of the catalyst because the short diffusion lengths in the porous catalyst layer suppress any mass transfer limitations [5,[9][10][11]. The most important parameters in using these coated plates as catalysts are the mechanical stability of the coating and its adhesion to the plates [8].…”

Gas phase synthesis of isopropyl chloride from isopropanol and HCl over alumina and flexible 3-D carbon foam supported catalysts

“…Two main routes are widely used upon isopropyl chloride production -hydrochlorination of propylene over different catalysts (such as alumina, FeCl3, hydrochlorinated alumina, tellurium compounds) and hydrochlorination of isopropanol over zinc chloride or aluminosilicate catalysts [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Hydrochlorination of alkenes and primary alcohols to synthesise corresponding primary alkyl halides is more preferable than chlorination because of environmental reasons [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Esterification of primary alcohols (methanol, ethanol) over highly porous and non-toxic alumina catalysts was found to be the most environmentally friendly, modern, and efficient route [20][21][22][23].…”

“…Hydrochlorination of alkenes and primary alcohols to synthesise corresponding primary alkyl halides is more preferable than chlorination because of environmental reasons [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Esterification of primary alcohols (methanol, ethanol) over highly porous and non-toxic alumina catalysts was found to be the most environmentally friendly, modern, and efficient route [20][21][22][23]. This method can also be considered as "green" when utilising bio-alcohols (produced by biomass fermentation) as feedstock [24][25][26][27].…”

“…Tundo et al reported about hydrochlorination of primary alcohols with longer chains (n-propanol, nbutanol and npentanol) over Lewis acid catalysts supported by silica gel [28]. The reaction kinetics of primary alkyl chlorides synthesis processes was studied only for methyl and ethyl chlorides [18][19][20][21][22][23]. The reaction of isopropanol hydrochlorination has earlier only been studied in liquid phase over ZnCl2 catalysts, resulting in relatively low conversion of reactants to products, low product selectivity and facilitating the need of a separation process [11,12,29].…”