Kinetics of heterogeneous cyanoethylation of cellulose

Sefain, Magdi Z.; Fadl, Mohamed H.; El-Wakil, Nahla A.; Naoum, Magdi M.

doi:10.1002/pi.4990320307

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Thermo-plasticization of wood [90] and bagasse [91] was achieved at lower reaction temperatures using lower alkali pretreatment concentration. In another study of cyanoethylation of wood pulp and cotton results that wood pulp was more reactive because of a lower degree of polymerization [92].…”

Section: Etherification Of Natural Fibersmentioning

confidence: 96%

Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review

Kalia

Kaith

Kaur

2009

Polymer Engineering & Sci

1,248

704

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In recent years, natural fibers reinforced composites have received much attention because of their lightweight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers; flax, bamboo, sisal, hemp, ramie, jute, and wood fibers are of particular interest. A lot of research work has been performed all over the world on the use of natural fibers as a reinforcing material for the preparation of various types of composites. However, lack of good interfacial adhesion, low melting point, and poor resistance towards moisture make the use of natural fiber reinforced composites less attractive. Pretreatments of the natural fiber can clean the fiber surface, chemically modify the surface, stop the moisture absorption process, and increase the surface roughness. Among the various pretreatment techniques, graft copolymerization and plasma treatment are the best methods for surface modification of natural fibers. Graft copolymers of natural fibers with vinyl monomers provide better adhesion between matrix and fiber. In the present article, the use of pretreated natural fibers in polymer matrix‐based composites has been reviewed. Effect of surface modification of natural fibers on the properties of fibers and fiber reinforced polymer composites has also been discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Etherification Of Natural Fibersmentioning

confidence: 96%

Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review

Kalia

Kaith

Kaur

2009

Polymer Engineering & Sci

1,248

704

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Cyanoethylation has been extensively studied with many macromolecular substances containing free hydroxyl groups, such as cellulose, 26,27 ethylcellulose, 28 chitosan, 29 bagasse 30 and wood 31 in previous papers. Among the cyanoethylated materials, considerable attention has been focused on the investigations of the cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A facile method for the homogeneous synthesis of cyanoethyl cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions

Zhou

Song

et al. 2010

Polym. Chem.

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A series of cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) samples were synthesized from cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions by a homogeneous method. Structure and properties of CECs were characterized with FT-IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, DSC, SEC-LLS, polarized light microscopy and solubility measurements. The total DS values of the obtained CECs were in the range of 0.26 to 1.93, and the relative reactivity of hydroxyl groups is in the order C-6 > C-2 > C-3. As the molar ratio of acrylonitrile to anhydroglucose unit (AGU) of cellulose increased to 5 : 1, the C-6 hydroxyl groups of AGU were fully substituted. The total DS value for water-soluble CEC is as low as 0.54. CEC could be dissolved in many organic solvents when its total DS value reached 1.37. Organic-soluble CEC samples displayed thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior in the temperature range of 180 to 280 C. Moreover, NaOH/urea aqueous solution was proved to be a stable medium for cyanoethylation of cellulose, the reaction products could be easy isolated and purified, and the solvents could be recycled by a simple filtration. Therefore, this work provides a facile method for the homogeneous synthesis of CEC in an aqueous system. Experimental MaterialsCellulose (cotton linter pulp) was supplied by Hubei Chemical Fiber Group Ltd. (Xiangfan, China), and the viscosity-average

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Synthesis of Cyanoethyl Inulin, Aminopropyl Inulin and Carboxyethyl Inulin

et al. 1996

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Inulin was cyanoethylated by reaction with acrylonitrile in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Products with a degree of substution (ds) from 0.2 to 1.6 were prepared. The materials were analyzed using NMR spectroscopy and GPC analysis. The nitrile groups of cyanoethyl inulin were converted into amino groups by reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of a transition metal chloride (CoCl2.6H2O). Furthermore, the nitrile groups were hydrolyzed towards carboxylates using hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium. The polycarboxylate obtained by this means was shown to possess good calcium carbonate crystallization inhibition properties.

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Kinetics of heterogeneous cyanoethylation of cellulose

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review

Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review

A facile method for the homogeneous synthesis of cyanoethyl cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions

Synthesis of Cyanoethyl Inulin, Aminopropyl Inulin and Carboxyethyl Inulin

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