“…Austenitic stainless steels are the most common alloys applied in refining, petrochemical plants, and thermo-chemical treatment furnace equipment for applications such as retorts, pressure vessels, piping components, manifolds, cyclones, fittings, and valves [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Austenitic stainless steels containing 18 wt.%.…”