Kinetid Structure of <i>Aphelidium</i> and <i>Paraphelidium</i> (Aphelida) Suggests the Features of the Common Ancestor of Fungi and Opisthosporidia

Karpov, Sergey A.; Cvetkova, Victoria S; Annenkova, Nataliia V.; Vishnyakov, Andrey E.

doi:10.1111/jeu.12742

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…1). Similar results have been published earlier (Karpov et al 2019) where the 18S sequence of Aph. desmodesmi clustered with Amoeboaphelidium clade also with low bootstrap support.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…desmodesmi clustered with Amoeboaphelidium clade also with low bootstrap support. The morphology of zoospores of studied Aphelidium species (Gromov, 2000;Karpov et al 2014aKarpov et al , 2019Letcher et al, 2017; this paper), supports monophyly rather than paraphyly for studied Aphelidium spp. The problem of the Aphelidium monophyly/paraphyly can be solved only with further molecular phylogenetic study of the aphelids.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…desmodesmi (Letcher et al, 2017), and two species of Paraphelidium: P. tribonematis (Karpov et al, 2017a) and P. letcheri (Karpov et al, 2017b). Zoospore structure of Aphelidium and Paraphelidium with evolutionary explications for the aphelid ancestral stages have been recently presented (Karpov et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular phylogeny of Aphelidium arduennense sp. nov. – new representative of Aphelida (Opisthosporidia)

Tcvetkova¹,

Zorina²,

Mamkaeva³

et al. 2019

Protistology

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Aphelids (Aphelida) are poorly known parasitoids of algae that have raised considerable interest because of their phylogenetic position as phagotrophic protists sister to Fungi. Together with Rozellida and Microsporidia they have been classified in the Opisthosporidia but seem to be more closely related to the Fungi rather than to the Cryptomycota and Microsporidia, the other members of the Opisthosporidia. Molecular environmental studies have revealed high genetic diversity within the aphelids, but only four genera have been described: Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, Paraphelidium and Pseudaphelidium. Here, we describe the life cycle of a new species of Aphelidium, Aph. arduennense. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of its 18S rRNA indicates that Aph. arduennense is sister to Aph. tribonematis, and together with Aph. melosirae they form a monophyletic cluster. Within the aphelids, this cluster is distantly related to Paraphelidium and Amoeboaphelidium.

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“…1). Similar results have been published earlier (Karpov et al 2019) where the 18S sequence of Aph. desmodesmi clustered with Amoeboaphelidium clade also with low bootstrap support.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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Molecular phylogeny of Aphelidium arduennense sp. nov. – new representative of Aphelida (Opisthosporidia)

Tcvetkova¹,

Zorina²,

Mamkaeva³

et al. 2019

Protistology

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“…Zoospores are biflagellated (Ledingham, 1934), with whiplash flagella (Ellison, 1945;Neuhauser et al, 2011b) of unequal lengths (Webster, 1980;Merz, 1992). The flagella are often oppositely attached as in S. subterranea (Merz, 1997) or anteriorly attached as in P. brassicae (Karpov et al, 2019). Recently, Parodi et al (2010) discovered parallel-orientated flagella in Maullinia ectocarpii.…”

Section: Targeting Vulnerabilities In the Sporangial Phase For Disease Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moments of weaknesses – exploiting vulnerabilities between germination and encystment in the Phytomyxea

et al. 2021

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Attempts at management of diseases caused by protozoan plant parasitic Phytomyxea have often been ineffective. The dormant life stage is characterised by long‐lived highly robust resting spores that are largely impervious to chemical treatment and environmental stress. This review explores some life stage weaknesses and highlights possible control measures associated with resting spore germination and zoospore taxis. With phytomyxid pathogens of agricultural importance, zoospore release from resting spores is stimulated by plant root exudates. On germination, the zoospores are attracted to host roots by chemoattractant components of root exudates. Both the relatively metabolically inactive resting spore and motile zoospore need to sense the chemical environment to determine the suitability of these germination stimulants or attractants respectively, before they can initiate an appropriate response. Blocking such sensing could inhibit resting spore germination or zoospore taxis. Conversely, the short life span and the vulnerability of zoospores to the environment require them to infect their host within a few hours after release. Identifying a mechanism or conditions that could synchronise resting spore germination in the absence of host plants could lead to diminished pathogen populations in the field.

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“…Opisthosporidia, the protozoan sisters of Fungi, have uniciliate zoospores in aphelids (TZ medium) and rozellids (TZ very long) that do not exhibit dense plugs (Letcher et al 2017a, b;Karpov et al 2019) or unambiguously position the TP in aphelids. Paraphelidium tribonematis has a very short centriole and Fig.…”

Section: Opisthokont Transition Zone Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi

Cavalier-Smith

2021

Protoplasma

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I thoroughly discuss ciliary transition zone (TZ) evolution, highlighting many overlooked evolutionarily significant ultrastructural details. I establish fundamental principles of TZ ultrastructure and evolution throughout eukaryotes, inferring unrecognised ancestral TZ patterns for Fungi, opisthokonts, and Corticata (i.e., kingdoms Plantae and Chromista). Typical TZs have a dense transitional plate (TP), with a previously overlooked complex lattice as skeleton. I show most eukaryotes have centriole/TZ junction acorn-V filaments (whose ancestral function was arguably supporting central pair microtubule-nucleating sites; I discuss their role in centriole growth). Uniquely simple malawimonad TZs (without TP, simpler acorn) pinpoint the eukaryote tree's root between them and TP-bearers, highlighting novel superclades. I integrate TZ/ciliary evolution with the best multiprotein trees, naming newly recognised major eukaryote clades and revise megaclassification of basal kingdom Protozoa. Recent discovery of non-photosynthetic phagotrophic flagellates with genome-free plastids (Rhodelphis), the sister group to phylum Rhodophyta (red algae), illuminates plant and chromist early evolution. I show previously overlooked marked similarities in cell ultrastructure between Rhodelphis and Picomonas, formerly considered an early diverging chromist. In both a nonagonal tube lies between their TP and an annular septum surrounding their 9+2 ciliary axoneme. Mitochondrial dense condensations and mitochondrion-linked smooth endomembrane cytoplasmic partitioning cisternae further support grouping Picomonadea and Rhodelphea as new plant phylum Pararhoda. As Pararhoda/Rhodophyta form a robust clade on site-heterogeneous multiprotein trees, I group Pararhoda and Rhodophyta as new infrakingdom Rhodaria of Plantae within subkingdom Biliphyta, which also includes Glaucophyta with fundamentally similar TZ, uniquely in eukaryotes. I explain how biliphyte TZs generated viridiplant stellate-structures.

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Kinetid Structure of Aphelidium and Paraphelidium (Aphelida) Suggests the Features of the Common Ancestor of Fungi and Opisthosporidia

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

Molecular phylogeny of Aphelidium arduennense sp. nov. – new representative of Aphelida (Opisthosporidia)

Molecular phylogeny of Aphelidium arduennense sp. nov. – new representative of Aphelida (Opisthosporidia)

Moments of weaknesses – exploiting vulnerabilities between germination and encystment in the Phytomyxea

Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi

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