Kingdom of seashells: Explotation and culture of major commercial species

The Seashell Business and Its Supply Chain in Zanzibar

“…They are utilized for various purposes to meet urgent needs (Jena, 2019;Lertwattanaruk et al, 2012). While in some instances seashells are used as currency (in the past), they are on the other side used as ornaments (crafts, art and architectural decoration), cutting tools and lamps, thus presenting an important role in ecology and society in particular (Nandini, 2021;Gadgihalli et al, 2017). Studies have moreover reported that seashells are at times used as a replacement of manufacturing products like cement, power manufacturing and alike (Olivia et al, 2015).…”

“…Thus, due to the fact that the sea has been their main source of livelihood, people living along the coast have been participating in the supply chain activities of seashells. Such activities include harvesting, distribution and marketing (Nandini, 2021). In this condition, seashells supply chain builds up products chain principally for ensuring economic use like food, incomes, and manufacturing as one of the versatile functions in the coastal community (Jena, 2019;Mwitondi et al, 2021;Nandini, 2021;Olivia et al, 2015).…”

“…Such activities include harvesting, distribution and marketing (Nandini, 2021). In this condition, seashells supply chain builds up products chain principally for ensuring economic use like food, incomes, and manufacturing as one of the versatile functions in the coastal community (Jena, 2019;Mwitondi et al, 2021;Nandini, 2021;Olivia et al, 2015).…”

Spawning and larval development of two tropical cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae),Cypraea tigrisandMauritia arabicaunder laboratory conditions

“…Cowries are a group of marine gastropods under the family Cypraeidae characterized by their smooth, oval-shaped shells and extendable mantle [ 1 , 2 ]. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, cowries were heavily harvested by coastal islanders as food [ 3 , 4 ], and their shells were used for the handicraft industry [ 5 , 6 ] or as currency [ 7 , 8 ]. In recent times, the cowries, especially the rare species, have become popular among shell collectors and aquarium hobbyists because of their polished ornate shells and striking appearances when their mantle is fully extended [ 6 ].…”

“…food [3,4], and their shells were used for the handicraft industry [5,6] or as currency [7,8]. In recent times, the cowries, especially the rare species, have become popular among shell collectors and aquarium hobbyists because of their polished ornate shells and striking appearances when their mantle is fully extended [6].…”