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Engstrom, Henrik A.; Ohlson, Sten; Stubbs, E. Gene; Maciulis, Alma; Caldwell, Virgil; Odell, J. Dennis; Torres, Anthony R.

doi:10.1023/a:1022827417414

Cited by 22 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Therefore, dysfunction in this pathway could be responsible for the aberrant cellular immune response (Mondino and Mueller 2007) and the changes in both neuronal and immune cell survival, both reported in autism. In addition, this reinforces the suggestion that cell survival mechanisms are altered in autism (Fatemi et al 2001;Engstrom et al 2003). Moreover, mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a major upstream regulator of the mTOR pathway, have been found in association with autism (Rodriguez-Escudero et al 2011).…”

Section: Gut Immune Dysfunction In Asdsupporting

confidence: 79%

Understanding on Neuroimmunology in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Depino

Robinson-Agramonte

2015

Translational Approaches to Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of severe pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders (PDD) affecting between 1 and 3 % of pediatric populations. It is characterized by a highly variable impairment in social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication, as well as by a stereotyped repetitive behavior, learning problems, and aloofness. ASD behavioral symptoms are frequently accompanied by immunological derangements, including cellular immune dysregulation, chronic inflammatory states, and neuroimmune alterations. Currently, the involvement of the immune pathology in autism remains unclear, and we consider that a better understanding would be useful for earlier clinical and therapeutic interventions. The main aim of this chapter is to review the most current aspects regarding the etiology of autism, with particular reference to the contribution of inflammatory events occurring in the periphery and into the brain, and how they can influence the abnormal development of the offspring and modulate the typical behaviors frequently observed in autism.

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Section: Gut Immune Dysfunction In Asdsupporting

confidence: 79%

Understanding on Neuroimmunology in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Depino

Robinson-Agramonte

2015

Translational Approaches to Autism Spectrum Disorder

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“…Regarding the role of apoptosis in ASD, many authors suggest that a dysfunction occurs in the regulation of the apoptotic processes of the immune cells 15 37. However, we only found a slight increasing trend in the apoptosis of monocytes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 62%

Characterization of Immune Cell Phenotypes in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

López-Cacho

Gallardo

Paz

et al. 2016

Journal of Investigative Medicine

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in verbal and non-verbal communication, impaired social interactions and repetitive behaviors. There is evidence of a link between ASD symptoms and immune dysfunction, but few studies have been performed in adult patients to confirm this. In this work, we used flow cytometry to study immunological differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 59 adult patients and 26 healthy control subjects to identify possible immune cell profiles related with this group of disorders. We analyzed six immune cell subpopulations (ie, B-cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells, NK, NKT cells, and monocytes) and their corresponding stages of apoptosis and activation. The most noteworthy results showed that, compared to healthy controls, patients had increased percentages of CD8(+) T-cells and B-cells, and a decrease in the percentage of NKT cells. Regarding CD25 expression, we found overall CD25(+) overexpression, primarily in NK and NKT cells. Apoptosis percentage showed an increasing trend only in monocytes of patients. These data support a link between ASD and immune dysfunction, suggesting that specific cellular phenotypes and/or activation status of immune cells may be relevant in adult ASD.

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Reduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms

Heuer¹,

Ashwood²,

Schauer³

et al. 2008

Autism Research

171

120

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Objectives To assay if plasma antibody levels in children with autism or developmental delays (DD) differ from those with typical development as an indicator of immune function and to correlate antibody levels with severity of behavioral symptoms. Methods Plasma was collected from children with autistic disorder (AU; n=116), DD but not autism (n=32), autism spectrum disorder but not full autism (n=27), and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (n=96). Samples were assayed for systemic levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subjects with autism were evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised, and all subjects were scored on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) by the parents. Numerical scores for each of the ABC subscales as well as the total scores were then correlated with Ig levels. Results Children with AU have a significantly reduced level of plasma IgG (5.39±0.29 mg/mL) compared to the TD (7.72±0.28 mg/mL; P<0.001) and DD children (8.23±0.49 mg/mL; P<0.001). Children with autism also had a reduced level of plasma IgM (0.670.06mg/mL) compared to TD (0.79±0.05 mg/mL; P<0.05). Ig levels were negatively correlated with ABC scores for all children (IgG: r=−0.334, P<0.0001; IgM: r=−0.167, P=0.0285). Conclusion Children with AU have significantly reduced levels of plasma IgG and IgM compared to both DD and TD controls, suggesting an underlying defect in immune function. This reduction in specific Ig levels correlates with behavioral severity, where those patients with the highest scores in the behavioral battery have the most reduced levels of IgG and IgM.

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Untitled

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

Understanding on Neuroimmunology in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Understanding on Neuroimmunology in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Characterization of Immune Cell Phenotypes in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Reduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms

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