Klassicheskii analiz nablyudenii i laboratornykh issledovanii sharovoi i chetochnoi molnii

Smirnov, Boris M.

doi:10.3367/ufnr.0134.198108p.0757

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…It is well known that the influence of ball lightning on a human being can be lethal (Barry 1980;Cade 1962;Grigor'ev 1990;Imyanitov and Tikhii 1980;Leonov 1965;Singer 1971;Smirnov 1988). The very important factor of the danger of ball lightning is that its physical nature is not yet established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New model and estimation of the danger of ball lightning

Shmatov¹

2003

J. Plasma Phys.

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A new model of ball lightning is proposed. The main model assumption is that ball lightning has a core consisting of clouds of electrons and totally ionized ions which oscillate with respect to each other. According to the model, ball lightning emits high energy photons that are sometimes dangerous for human beings, and in a number of situations it can kill humans by electric pulses; the ball lightning energy can be of the order of 106 J and even greater. The electric charges that need to be injected into the atmosphere to create ball lightning and the currents, providing the injection of such charges, are estimated. These estimates predict that ball lightning can be created in the experiments with ordinary lightning or powerful electrical installations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New model and estimation of the danger of ball lightning

Shmatov¹

2003

J. Plasma Phys.

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“…A comparison of these 2 hypotheses, which are shown in Schemes and of electrophilic substitution in aromatic compounds, with the experimental studies are evidence for a single‐stage scheme () of the mechanism. This is clearly and convincingly demonstrated by the reactions of formation, hydrolysis, and isomerization of sulfonic acids of aromatic compounds

{Ar}^{‐ normalδ} {‐ H + Е}^{+}_{solv ‐ normalδ} \overset{fast}{\leftrightarrow} \underset{intermediate}{{Ar}^{‐ normalδ} ‐ normalH \cdot {normalЕ}^{+}_{solv ‐ normalδ}} \overset{slow}{\leftrightarrow} \underset{{([], TS)}^{\neq}}{{([], {Ar}^{‐ normalδ} {<^{H + δ}}_{normalЕ + normalδ} {> solv}^{‐ normalδ})}^{\neq}} \overset{fast}{\leftrightarrow} \underset{intermediate}{Ar ‐ normalЕ \cdot {normalH}^{+}_{solv ‐ normalδ}} \leftrightarrow {Ar ‐ Е + H}^{+}_{solv ‐ normalδ}

…”

Section: Arenesulfonic Acids In Aqueous Acidic Media Protodesulfonatmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Aqueous sulfuric acid solutions are used as media for various catalytic reactions and also for quantitative measurement of the basicity of compounds . Such essential processes as electrophilic substitution in the aromatic ring, etherification, molecular regrouping, and isomerization are performed in a medium of concentrated or water‐free sulfuric acid or even oleum.…”

Section: Proton Aciditymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solvated proton as the main reagent and a catalyst in the single-stage aromatic sulfonation and protodesulfonation of sulfonic acids

2017

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This review is devoted to the critical analysis of the existing contradictory ideas about kinetic description and the mechanisms of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS), ie, reversible arene sulfonation and hydrolysis (protodesulfonation) of arenesulfonic acids. Contemporary scientific and educational literature contains prevailing, widespread points of view on the multistage nature processes of the EAS that proceed via πand σ-complexes and are accompanied by arenium ion formation. This interpretation does not account for determining influence of the medium, and the process accompanies the loss of aromaticity. The review presents an alternative point of view: These processes proceed via singlestage and the same transition state. To substantiate this position, we reviewed in detail the contemporary ideas on the solvated proton structure, the limits of applicability of acidity function Н о and excess acidity Х scales, and the experimental solubility data of arenesulfonic acid hydrates in sulfuric acid. This solubility depends on the medium acidity (h o ), which provides the formation of 3 conjugated types of hydrates: anionic (АrSO 3 − ·H 2 O), hydroxonium-arene sulfonated (АrSO 3 − ·H 3 O + ), and the hydroxonium complex with the H-form of АrSO 3 Н·H 3 O + acid. In sulfuric acid solutions with an excess of water, irreversible hydrolysis proceeds with the participation of ArSO 3 − ·H 3 O + . However, protodesulfonation becomes reversible and proceeds with the participation of ArSO 3 Н·H 3 O + in solutions with an excess of sulfuric acid. A conclusion has been made about determining the role of the hydrated proton environment by means the formation of a cyclic transition state. An alternative 2-stage mechanism of EAS is logically and energetically unsubstantiated and, therefore, should be rejected.

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“…One of them is an increase in the density of the dislocation charge. The line charge density Q L can be estimated by considering the current between electrodes, J , and strain rate, i, [15] this temperature?…”

Section: Polarization Of Csz Crystals At High-temperature Deformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Effects Accompanying High-Temperature Deformation of CsI Crystals

Demchenko

Struk

Urusovskaya

1995

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

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Several electrical effects like surface polarization, ion and electron emission, and after‐deformation thermo‐stimulated depolarization (ADTSD) accompany the high‐temperature deformation of CsI single crystals. From the dependencies of magnitude and polarity of induced current on degree and temperature of deformation it is concluded that positively charged dislocations and point defects of different types take part in the high‐temperature deformation of CsI single cystals. As a result spatial separation of the charges occurs in the field of point defects, the number of their types being the larger, the higher the deformation temperature is.

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Klassicheskii analiz nablyudenii i laboratornykh issledovanii sharovoi i chetochnoi molnii

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

New model and estimation of the danger of ball lightning

New model and estimation of the danger of ball lightning

Solvated proton as the main reagent and a catalyst in the single-stage aromatic sulfonation and protodesulfonation of sulfonic acids

Electrical Effects Accompanying High-Temperature Deformation of CsI Crystals

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