Klinkenberg-Corrected and Water Permeability Correlation for a Sarawak Carbonate Field

Abstract

Klinkenberg-corrected permeability (k∞) or water permeability (kw) is an important input parameter for hydrocarbon reservoir simulation studies. The theoretical concept that a core sample’s k∞ is comparable to its kw is flawed and has to be verified, since experimental evidence indicates that k∞ and kw are clearly different. Thus, a series of gas and water permeability measurements were conducted on eight carbonate core plug samples from Sarawak, Malaysia to develop a correlation between both permeability values. The new k∞ vs. kw correlation clearly proved the differences between both permeability values for all samples. The findings were in agreement with FESEM-EDX and total suspended solids (TSS) analysis, which proved the migration of fines and clay particles that blocked the pore throats, thus reducing kw values. The new k∞ vs. kw correlation was validated using four different samples from the PETRONS-2 well using its k∞ values and comparing them with the respective measured kw values. The new correlation will reduce the amount of time and cost needed to obtain absolute liquid permeability values but may be further improved by conducting permeability measurements on more samples from the PETRONS field, which will improve the accuracy of hydrocarbon reservoir simulation of the PETRONS field.

Constraints on upper crustal fluid circulation and seismogenesis from in-situ outcrop quantification of complex fault zone permeability

“…Moreover, any comparison of gas (e.g., air) and water permeability data should consider the Klinkenberg effect 45 , which enhances gas flow (relative to water flow) due to slip on pore walls, with the net result that gas permeability is generally higher than water permeability. This notwithstanding, it has been shown that the Klinkenberg effect-related difference between gas and water permeability ranges between 4 and 16% for permeability values < 10 –18 m 2 , that is, lower than those obtained in this work 46 , 47 . Hence, our air permeability values can be used and interpreted as representative of also water permeability.…”