Knot, Heartwood, and Sapwood Extractives Related to VOCs from Drying Southern Pine Lumber

Ingram, Leonard L.; Templeton, M. Curry; McGraw, Gerald W.; Hemingway, Richard W.

doi:10.1080/02773810009351892

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Moreover, the amount of VOCs, specifically monoterpenes, was highest in stem wood, whereas lower amounts were found in branch wood (Wolpert 2012). Knots and pitch pockets in wood may also contribute to higher emission rates, acting as sources of volatile terpenes as was found in spruce (Englund 1999) and pine, where knots contained about 10 times the amount of volatile terpenes found in sapwood (Ingram et al 2000).…”

Section: Softwood Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Heartwood has been shown to emit larger amounts of VOCs than sapwood because of higher emission rates of volatile terpenes, as shown for Scots pine (Englund 1999;Czajka and Fabisiak 2012;Vainio-Kaila et al 2017), Norway spruce (Vainio-Kaila et al 2017), and silver fir (Czajka and Fabisiak 2014). Pine heartwood, eg contained about 5-15 times the amount of volatile terpenes (and higher relative emissions of monoterpene 3-carene) found in sapwood (Englund 1999;Ingram et al 2000;Czajka and Fabisiak 2012;Vainio-Kaila et al 2017) as it produces larger amount of resin and extractives (FPL 1966;Panda 2008). Scots pine (Englund 1999;Czajka and Fabisiak 2012;Vainio-Kaila et al 2017), Norway spruce (Vainio-Kaila et al 2017), and silver fir (Czajka and Fabisiak 2014) sapwoods have been shown to emit higher emissions of aldehydes (hexanal) and carboxylic acids (acetic acid) relative to heartwood.…”

Section: Softwood Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially in softwoods, pine in particular, followed by spruce, the amount and composition of VOC emissions or volatile terpenes have been observed with large variations with significant differences in emission rates of α-pinene and 3-carene (Englund 1999;Larsen et al 2000). Small variations in the amount of heartwood or knots in a wood sample have been observed to result in large changes in VOC emissions (Ingram et al 2000).…”

Section: Hardwood Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted From Untreated and Thermally Modified Wood - A Review

Pohleven

Burnard

Kutnar

2019

WFS

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of compounds that can have a strong impact on indoor air quality. Wood and thermally modified wood emit VOCs, which are referred to as wood VOCs, and can elicit various negative or positive effects in different organisms, including humans. Wood is a complex multicomponent biopolymer with inherent variability, which is also reflected in the emissions of VOCs. Variability in wood VOC emissions has been attributed to endogenous and exogenous factors, such as wood species, type of wood sample, wood treatment, etc. Nevertheless, studies have reported reasonably consistent results regarding VOC emissions from individual (thermally modified) wood species. Softwoods emit the highest concentrations of wood VOCs composed primarily of volatile terpene emissions (70-90%) and lower concentrations of hexanal and acetic acid (10-25%). VOC emissions from hardwoods are considerably lower (approximately 50 times) and include hexanal and pentanal, acetic acid, as well as other VOCs formed during wood degradation processes, but not volatile terpenes. Total VOC emissions from softwoods are reduced following thermal treatment, whereas emissions are increased from hardwoods after thermal treatment. In thermally

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Section: Softwood Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Softwood Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hardwood Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted From Untreated and Thermally Modified Wood - A Review

Pohleven

Burnard

Kutnar

2019

WFS

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“…For most pine species, the concentration of terpenes decreases from heartwood to sapwood as well as from root to stem. Ingram reported that the total concentration of terpenes in sapwood, heartwood, and knot tissue from loblolly pine samples was found to be 0.31, 1.51, and 3.31 percent by mass on an ovendry basis (Ingram et al, 2000). Thompson also suggested knotty lumber samples gave higher emissions of terpenes than lumber samples containing a low proportion of knots .…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilter treatment of gas phase β-caryophyllene at an elevated temperature

Yue

Moe

Chen

et al. 2018

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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Experiments were carried out to test the capacity for a laboratory-scale biofilter operated at an elevated temperature level (∼50°C) to remove an air stream containing β-caryophyllene, a naturally occurring sesquiterpene of environmental concern emitted from wood-related industrial facilities. A water jacket was used to maintain high temperatures in a laboratory-scale biofilter. Inocula, pollutant loading and nutrient supply rate effects were evaluated over 84 days of biofilter operation. The start-up process took over two months when citrus peels were used as inocula while a relatively short start-up period was achieved after introducing forest compost products. While using a sparged-gas bioreactor to cultivate an enrichment culture for 97 days, removal efficiencies in excess of 80% were observed after 18 days. At empty bed contact times of 50 s and at a pollutant loading rate of 3.05 mg C/L/hr, removal efficiency levels reached 90% and the elimination capacity level reached 2.29 mg C/L/hr, corresponding to an elimination capacity of 2.60 mg β-caryophyllene/L/hr. Collectively, these results demonstrate that β-caryophyllene can be successfully removed from contaminated air using a biofilter operated at a high temperature (∼50°C), expanding the temperature range within which biofilters are known to biodegrade sesquiterpenes.

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Identification and characterization of odorous volatile organic compounds emitted from wood-based panels

Liu

Zhu

Qin

et al. 2020

Environ Monit Assess

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Knot, Heartwood, and Sapwood Extractives Related to VOCs from Drying Southern Pine Lumber

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted From Untreated and Thermally Modified Wood - A Review

Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted From Untreated and Thermally Modified Wood - A Review

Biofilter treatment of gas phase β-caryophyllene at an elevated temperature

Identification and characterization of odorous volatile organic compounds emitted from wood-based panels

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