“…All data analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis software (CMA Version 2.0; Biostat, 2005). In the case of three studies (Jiao, Wang, Zhou, Bai, & Li, 2017; Li et al, 2016; Zhang et al, 2018) which examined MHL in both patients and caregivers, data for each sample group contributed to the analyses independently (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). To avoid bias, for 10 studies (Chen et al, 2011; Chen & Tan, 2010; Chen, Zuo, & Shen, 2008; Ding & Chen, 2012; Huang, 2013; Jin, Zhang, Wang, & Duan, 2006; Liu, 2009; Tan, 2005; Xing & Kang, 2017; Xing, Xi, & Xu, 2002) which investigated participants' MHL before and after an intervention, only the data obtained before the intervention were utilized.…”