Knowledge and awareness of heat-related morbidity among adult recreational endurance athletes

Shendell, Derek G.; Alexander, Melannie; Lorentzson, Lauren; McCarty, Frances

doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0295-3

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…runners) are also vulnerable to HRI. Many are unaware of their physical and environmental limitations, and may underestimate how quickly mild heat stress can evolve into heat exhaustion and heat stroke [42,43]. Performance enhancing drugs also increase the risk of HRI by altering cardiovascular output and decreasing sweat production [8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Department Visits in North Carolina (2007–2011)

et al. 2015

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Extreme heat is the leading cause of weather-related mortality in the U.S. Extreme heat also affects human health through heat stress and can exacerbate underlying medical conditions that lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, data on emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illness (HRI) and other selected diseases were analyzed during three heat events across North Carolina from 2007 to 2011. These heat events were identified based on the issuance and verification of heat products from local National Weather Service forecast offices (i.e. Heat Advisory, Heat Watch, and Excessive Heat Warning). The observed number of ED visits during these events were compared to the expected number of ED visits during several control periods to determine excess morbidity resulting from extreme heat. All recorded diagnoses were analyzed for each ED visit, thereby providing insight into the specific pathophysiological mechanisms and underlying health conditions associated with exposure to extreme heat. The most common form of HRI was heat exhaustion, while the percentage of visits with heat stroke was relatively low (<10%). The elderly (>65 years of age) were at greatest risk for HRI during the early summer heat event (8.9 visits per 100,000), while young and middle age adults (18-44 years of age) were at greatest risk during the mid-summer event (6.3 visits per 100,000). Many of these visits were likely due to work-related exposure. The most vulnerable demographic during the late summer heat event was adolescents (15-17 years of age), which may relate to the timing of organized sports. This demographic also exhibited the highest visit rate for HRI among all three heat events (10.5 visits per 100,000). Significant increases (p < 0.05) in visits with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were noted during the three heat events (3-8%). The greatest increases were found in visits with hypotension during the late summer event (23%) and sequelae during the early summer event (30%), while decreases were noted for visits with hemorrhagic stroke during the middle and late summer events (13-24%) and for visits with aneurysm during the early summer event (15%). Significant increases were also noted in visits with respiratory diseases (5-7%). The greatest increases in this category were found in visits with pneumonia and influenza (16%), bronchitis and emphysema (12%), and COPD (14%) during the early summer event. Significant increases in visits with nervous system disorders were also found during the early summer event (16%), while increases in visits with diabetes were noted during the mid-summer event (10%).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Department Visits in North Carolina (2007–2011)

et al. 2015

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“…Despite this, relatively little is known about particular risks faced by farm workers and their level of knowledge and individual ability to implement heat illness prevention practices. There is published literature examining knowledge and attitudes related to heat stress and heat illness in older adults [21][22][23] and athletes 24) , but we are not aware of any assessments of knowledge and practices in farm worker populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat-related Illness Knowledge and Practices among California Hired Farm Workers in The MICASA Study

et al. 2013

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Global climate change has great potential for escalating the number and duration of extreme heat events in California. California accounts for 16% of U.S. crop production, and over 450,000 people are employed in agriculture, with more than two-thirds being of Latino ethnicity. Despite Cal/OSHA regulations which specify that potable water, toilets, shade and rest be provided to agricultural workers, heat related illnesses and deaths still occur. The MICASA Study is a population-based sample of 467 hired farm worker households from Mendota, in California's Central Valley. 474 study participants completing follow-up interview and working in agriculture in the year prior are included in this analysis. Men reported an average of 222 d (SD=69.7) of work compared to 148 d (SD=67.3) for women (p<0.0001). Over 91% of participants reported receiving training on heat-related illness, but level of heat illness knowledge was moderate with 70% responding correctly to 4-5 questions. Knowledge about acclimatization was low, with 44% severely underestimating the time required, and water consumption was low at an average of 10.7 drinks per day. Results suggest important areas to target for heat illness prevention in farm worker populations and that gender specific approaches may be needed for effective heat illness prevention.

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“…Shendell et al 10 reported that almost 90% of marathon runners completed their long runs outdoors. Furthermore, highly trained runners were unlikely to replace the majority of fluid losses during training, even if fluids were accessible.…”

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confidence: 99%

Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runners' Hydration Practices and Perceptions

OʼNeal

Wingo

Richardson

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:The behaviors and beliefs of recreational runners with regard to hydration maintenance are not well elucidated.Objective: To examine which beverages runners choose to drink and why, negative performance and health experiences related to dehydration, and methods used to assess hydration status.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Marathon registration site. Patients or Other Participants: Men (n = 146) and women (n = 130) (age = 38.3 ± 11.3 years) registered for the 2010 Little Rock Half-Marathon or Full Marathon. Intervention(s):A 23-item questionnaire was administered to runners when they picked up their race timing chips.Main Outcome Measure(s): Runners were separated into tertiles (Low, Mod, High) based on z scores derived from training volume, expected performance, and running experience. We used a 100-mm visual analog scale with anchors of 0 (never) and 100 (always). Total sample responses and comparisons between tertile groups for questionnaire items are presented. Results:The High group (58±31) reported greater consumption of sport beverages in exercise environments than the Low (42 ± 35 mm) and Mod (39 ± 32 mm) groups (P < .05) and perceived sport beverages to be superior to water in meeting hydration needs (P < .05) and improving performance during runs greater than 1 hour (P < .05). Seventy percent of runners experienced 1 or more incidents in which they believed dehydration resulted in a major performance decrement, and 45% perceived dehydration to have resulted in adverse health effects. Twenty percent of runners reported monitoring their hydration status. Urine color was the method most often reported (7%), whereas only 2% reported measuring changes in body weight.Conclusions: Greater attention should be paid to informing runners of valid techniques to monitor hydration status and developing an appropriate individualized hydration strategy.Key Words: dehydration, sport beverages, hydration monitoring Key Points• Most runners had experienced performance decrements that they attributed to dehydration. Almost half the runners had sustained heat-related illness symptoms that they related to dehydration.• Despite these adverse events, few participants monitored their hydration levels or used specific hydration plans.• Better dissemination of accurate scientific information about appropriate hydration practices may increase runners' safety.

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Knowledge and awareness of heat-related morbidity among adult recreational endurance athletes

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Department Visits in North Carolina (2007–2011)

Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Department Visits in North Carolina (2007–2011)

Heat-related Illness Knowledge and Practices among California Hired Farm Workers in The MICASA Study

Half-Marathon and Full-Marathon Runners' Hydration Practices and Perceptions

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