Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Among Communities of Ilala, Kilosa and Kibaha Districts of Tanzania.&amp;nbsp;

Sindato, Calvin; Mboera, Leonard E. G.; Katale, Bugwesa Z.; Frumence, Gasto; Kimera, Sharadhuli I.; Clark, Taane G.; Legido‐Quigley, Helena; Mshana, Stephen E.; Rweyemamu, Mark M.; Matee, Mecky

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-79506/v1

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 60 publications

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“…There was no significant risk difference of carrying pathogens with resistance to at least one antibiotic between patients transferred from another health care facility to KCMC and those who were not transferred. This might indicates that AMR is so widespread and most likely exists in all hospitals in Tanzania (Haber et al, 2010;Mulvey & Simor, 2009;Sangeda et al, 2021;Seni et al, 2020;Sindato et al, 2020), and that an effect cannot be seen anymore.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of plasmids in bacterial isolates in a tertiary health care facility in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania

Sengeruan

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Plasmids are infectious extra-chromosomal DNA molecules found within bacteria. Their detection is important for guiding clinical treatment and controlling resistant disease outbreaks in hospital and community settings. Plasmids were characterized in bacterial isolates recovered from inpatient retrospective specimens admitted at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) from August 2013 to August 2015 in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; to determine their prevalence, effects on the risks of antibiotic resistance development and spread. Bacterial isolates were fully genome sequenced. The risk factors for infections with pathogens resistant to at least one antibiotic were examined using logistic regression models. Results showed that, 56.2% (159/283) of bacterial isolates were found to carry plasmids. Twenty-six (86.7%) multiple replicon plasmids and 4 (13.3%) single-replicon plasmids were found to carry both resistance and virulence genes. There was no statistically significant correlation found between the number of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in plasmids (r = -0.14, p > 0.05). Moreover, adjusted for other factors, lower odds of infection with pathogens resistant to at least one antibiotic for males (0.16 [95% CI, 0.05 - 0.49]; p= 0.001) was found. However, non-significant difference odds of carrying resistant pathogens was found between those transferred and non-transferred patients, and those sought and did not sought medical services. The findings show a relatively high proportion of plasmid-carrying isolates in the study area, suggesting selection pressure due to antibiotic use in the hospital. Co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes found in the studied clinical isolates, affirming that this is a public health concern that needs an immediate attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of plasmids in bacterial isolates in a tertiary health care facility in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania

Sengeruan

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Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in layer poultry farming: Evidence from high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci in Zambia

Mudenda,

Bumbangi,

Yamba

et al. 2023

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Inappropriate use of antimicrobials exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector. Information on factors driving AMR in the layer poultry sector is scarce in Zambia. This study examined the drivers of AMR in the layer poultry sector in the Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study employed a structured questionnaire in 77 layer poultry farms in the provinces of Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia, from September 2020 to April 2021. Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.1. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify drivers of AMR. Results: In total, 365 samples were collected, from which 339 (92.9%) Escherichia coli and 308 (84.4%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. Multidrug resistance was identified in 39% of the E. coli and 86% of the Enterococcus spp. The overall prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farms was 51.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.3%–63.5%). Large-scale farmers (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04%–0.99%) than small-scale and farmers who were aware of AMR than those who were unaware (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08%–0.86%) were less likely to experience AMR problems. Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farming linked to the type of farm management practices and lack of AMR awareness. Evidence of high MDR in our study is of public health concern and requires urgent attention. Educational interventions must increase AMR awareness, especially among small- and medium-scale poultry farmers. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, drivers, Escherichia coli, poultry, risk factors, Zambia.

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Effect of knowledge of informal poultry drug prescribers on their attitude and practice toward antimicrobial use, residues, and resistance in Bangladesh

Sani,

Rafiq,

Akter

et al. 2023

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Informal prescribers (IPs) significantly contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance and in disseminating pathogens from poultry to humans and other animals through the food chain, posing a serious global health threat. Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether the knowledge of IPs has an impact on their attitude and practice toward antimicrobial use, antibiotic residues, and antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we conducted a pre-tested and questionnaire-based survey to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of IPs in selected parts of the Mymensingh division, Bangladesh. Then, we used the linear regression model test with R-squared (R2) to measure the association between the study variables. Results: Our investigation revealed that 70% of the IPs knew about antibiotics and 75% had good knowledge about antibiotic resistance, whereas only 50% were aware of withdrawal periods. Informal prescribers also displayed good attitudes toward the use and sale of antibiotics with withdrawal periods and completion of medication (50%). Analysis of their practice on the sale and prescription of antibiotics showed that 70% and 30% of IPs use antibiotics against bacterial infections and other conditions, respectively. Most of them do not consult a veterinarian before selling or prescribing antibiotics, although 80% claim to do so. This is because 75% of IPs gave other options regarding their consultations. However, 95% of IPs uses antibiotics only for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, only 10% sell antibiotics based on a veterinarian’s recommendation. Approximately 45% of IPs use single antibiotics at a time, while the rest use multiple antibiotics, individually or combined. Approximately 15% use antibiotics monthly, while 85% use them whenever the need arises. The knowledge and attitude of IPs are significantly affected by their age (p ≤ 0.025). The district of domicile also impacted their knowledge. Surprisingly, IPs from Jamalpur had significantly better knowledge compared to those from Mymensingh and Sherpur (p ≤ 0.01). The attitude of IPs from Jamalpur and Netrokona also differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) from that of Mymensingh and Sherpur. The knowledge of IPs influenced their attitude up to 80.5% (r2 = 0.628) and their practice up to 75.4% (r2 = 0.545). Conclusion: The knowledge of IPs greatly influenced their attitude and practice, while sociodemographics also influenced their knowledge and attitude toward antimicrobial use, antibiotic residues, and antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: antimicrobial residue, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial use, informal poultry drug prescriber, knowledge, attitude, and practices, survey.

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Among Communities of Ilala, Kilosa and Kibaha Districts of Tanzania.

Cited by 4 publications

References 60 publications

Characterization of plasmids in bacterial isolates in a tertiary health care facility in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania

Characterization of plasmids in bacterial isolates in a tertiary health care facility in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania

Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in layer poultry farming: Evidence from high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci in Zambia

Effect of knowledge of informal poultry drug prescribers on their attitude and practice toward antimicrobial use, residues, and resistance in Bangladesh

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