Knowledge, awareness, and practices of cervical cancer, its risk factors, screening, and prevention among women in Karachi, Pakistan

Hirani, Shela Akbar Ali; Khan, Sarah; Akram, Sidra; Virji, Safna Naozer; Shaikh, Preet Ayoub; Naeem, Ehsun; Chaudhry, Rayaan Asad; Khalid, Ahmed Bilal; Khan, Jalal Ud Din; Qasim, Muhammad; Jehan, Imtiaz

doi:10.1097/cej.0000000000000590

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Tilahun et al [ 24 ] also achieved results similar to ours. Some other studies [ 30 , 31 ] have reported no significant association between educational status and knowledge and practice in the Pap smear test in individuals. Although we did not confirm their findings, this difference may be due to the lack of adjustment of the effect of other variables in the aforementioned studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of women regarding cervical cancer screening

et al. 2021

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Objective Iran has a low incidence of cervical cancer (CC). The country is introducing an organized screening system, including human papillomavirus screening. Studies show a high dropout rate among eligible women in continuing testing. Methods This descriptive-analytic study was part of the first phase of a clinical trial conducted on a random sample of 400 women aged 18–49 in Andimeshk City, Khuzestan Province, in 2020. The data collection tool consisted of a man-made questionnaire that included domains of demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy in the Pap smear test. The data were analyzed with Stata-16 using linear and logistic regression models. Results The mean knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores were 6.80±2.33, 34.99±4.32, and 28.67±7.34, respectively. In the multiple models, every unit increase in the knowledge or attitude scores raised the mean self-efficacy score by 1.04 and 0.48, respectively ( P <0.001). Every unit increase in the knowledge and self-efficacy scores increased the chance of performing Pap smear 1.61 and 1.41 times, respectively ( P <0.001). Conclusion Given the association of women’s knowledge and self-efficacy with practice in performing the Pap smear, it seems that an effective program promoting women’s health behavior regarding CC screening would include applied education to raise community awareness and improve women’s attitudes, self-efficacy, and practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of women regarding cervical cancer screening

et al. 2021

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“…Another limitation was that the barriers to screening were not explored in this project. Previous studies did highlight that age, cost, pain, embarrassment, employment status, time constraint, and poor knowledge were the key factors in different Asian countries 64–71 . And such barriers also existed in some HICs like Japan and Hong Kong 72 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies did highlight that age, cost, pain, embarrassment, employment status, time constraint, and poor knowledge were the key factors in different Asian countries. [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] And such barriers also existed in some HICs like Japan and Hong Kong. 72 Cervical cancer remains a heavy disease burden in Asia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A questionnaire study on disparity of cervical cancer prevention programs in Asia‐Oceania

Tse

Ushijima

Tan³

et al. 2023

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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Background Despite the introduction of cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, the utilization pattern was not standardized. The aim of this study was to elicit the current prevention care in Asia‐Oceania. Methods An online questionnaire was circulated to different countries/cities in Asia‐Oceania. The primary objective was to evaluate the coverage of HPV vaccination and cervical screening programs. The secondary objectives were to study the structures of these programs. Five case scenarios were set to understand how the respondents manage the abnormal screening results. Results Fourteen respondents from 10 countries/cities had participated. Cervical cancer ranked the first in Myanmar and Nepal. About 10%–15% did not have national vaccination or screening program. The estimated coverage rate for vaccination and screening varied from less than 1% to 70%, which the coverage ran in parallel with the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer. All regions approved HPV vaccines, although only four provided free or subsidized programs for nonavalent vaccine. Cervical cytology remained the most common screening tool, and 20%–30% relied heavily on visual inspection using acetic acid. The screening age groups varied in different regions. From the case scenarios, it was noted that some respondents tended to offer more frequent screening tests or colposcopy than recommended by international guidelines. Conclusion This study revealed discrepancy in the practice of cervical cancer prevention in Asia‐Oceania especially access to HPV vaccines. There is an urgent need for a global collaboration to eliminate cervical cancer by public education, reforming services, and medical training.

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“…Even women who belonged to a higher socioeconomic class in our population had poor awareness and practices about the prevention and screening of cervical cancer. 31 Inadequacy of knowledge is not restricted to any segment, but it prevails all across the demographic in our population regardless of professor and education level. [32][33][34] Our study has certain limitations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and Attitude of Cervical Cancer Screening and Vaccination in Patients Attending Gynecology Outpatient Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

Shamaun

Jaleel

Gull³

et al. 2022

South Asian J Cancer

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Background Cervical cancer is the third most prevalent female cancer in Pakistan; nearly 70% present at a very advanced stage of malignancy due to lack of awareness, proper screening, and vaccination. Therefore, we aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude toward screening, vaccination, and risk factors of cervical cancer in sexually active women of Pakistan. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the gynecology outpatient clinic of a public sector hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2021 to March 2022. We included sexually active women with exception of diagnosed cases of cervical cancer, pregnancy, vaginal bleeding, and psychological disorder. Collected data were regarding demographic characteristics, awareness regarding cervical cancer, screening, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, and risk factors, history of cervical screening, and wiliness to opt-in for cervical screening. Results We included 226 women with a mean age of 41.25 ± 10.54 years. The mean parity level was observed to be 3.8 ± 1.95. A majority of women were housewives by profession (88.9%) and uneducated (61.9%). Only 41.2% (93) of women were aware of cervical cancer, 33.6% (76) were aware of cervical screening, and only 15.9% (36) had a history of cervical screening. Only four women (1.8%) were aware of the HPV vaccine and 31% (70) showed intention to opt-in for cervical screening. A vast majority of women (96.9%) were not aware of the risk factors of cervical cancer. Conclusion(s) We have observed poor awareness regarding cervical cancer, HPV vaccination, and cervical screening among women in our population. Lack of awareness was not restricted to a certain segment but it prevails all across the demographic in our population.

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Knowledge, awareness, and practices of cervical cancer, its risk factors, screening, and prevention among women in Karachi, Pakistan

Cited by 15 publications

References 10 publications

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of women regarding cervical cancer screening

Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-efficacy of women regarding cervical cancer screening

A questionnaire study on disparity of cervical cancer prevention programs in Asia‐Oceania

Knowledge and Attitude of Cervical Cancer Screening and Vaccination in Patients Attending Gynecology Outpatient Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

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