This review delineates the profound contributions of laboratory science to women’s health in Nigeria, aiming to elucidate the advancements and innovations that have been instrumental in addressing the myriad of health challenges faced by women. The method involved a meticulous examination of the existing literature, focusing on historical contexts, modern developments, diagnostic advancements, and reproductive health interventions, emphasising the practical implications of laboratory science initiatives in Nigeria. The results revealed significant insights into the efficacy of laboratory science contributions, highlighting the obstacles encountered in implementing initiatives and the repercussions for women’s health in Nigeria. The review identified discernible gaps in the literature and offered suggestions for amplified impact on women’s health, outlining potential directions for subsequent research. The conclusion underscored the indispensable role of laboratory science in deciphering the complexities of women’s health, offering a beacon of hope in the quest for enhanced women’s health in Nigeria. The recommendations emphasize the importance of addressing structural sexism in medicine, enhancing food safety, strengthening local capacity, fostering collaboration, and developing holistic and sustainable approaches to improving women’s health. This review provides a foundation upon which future endeavors can be built to elevate the health outcomes of women in Nigeria.