Knowledge on<i>Sclerocarya birrea</i>subsp.<i>caffra</i>with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A Summary

Cribbins, J.; Leakey, R. R. B.; Lombard, C.; Mander, Myles; Shackleton, Charlie M.; Sullivan, Caroline A

doi:10.1080/20702620.2002.10434620

Cited by 45 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Wehmeyer (1967) reported that the Marula nuts represent 3,138 kJ/100 g and Wynberg et al (2002) indicated that the energy value of the kernel is approximately 2,699-2,703 kJ/100 g. Marula fruit flesh energy value is lower than the compared fruits but the kernel is one with the highest. For instance, Baobab pulp contains between 848.9 and 1,494.9 kJ/ 100 g energy Chadare et al (2009), Grewia retinervis has about 293-1,010 kJ/100 g of energy in the flesh while Citrullus lanatus has 4 kJ/100 g in the flesh and 415 kJ/100 g in the seed (Taylor 1985).…”

Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the proximate composition and nutritional value of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra)

et al. 2014

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This review critically evaluated literature on proximate composition and nutritional value of Marula in comparison with other tropical and indigenous fruits in order to identify areas for future research. It was found that nutrients content and processing methods of Marula fruit varied greatly from study to study and according to place of origin, soil, climate, handling, analytical methods used and time that lapsed after harvesting before analysis took place. Marula fruit pulp is reported to have vitamin C content higher than that of most fruits, ranging from 62 mg/100 g to over 400 mg/100 g. Additionally, Marula fruit is reported to have an antioxidant capacity of between 8 and 25 mM, (ascorbic acid equivalents) and a total phenolic content ranging from 7.5 to 24 mg/g dry weight gallic acid equivalent. Marula kernels are also a good source of protein, oil, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium and their oil is used in food preparations. Marula fruits could play a vital role in terms of nutrition to rural community who rely on the usage of the fruits, as they do not have easy access to other sources of nutrients. Recommendation given for future research includes improving Marula fruits juice extraction and yields, investigating the effect of processing and storage on the retention of nutrients such as vitamin C and its antioxidant capacity in processed and unprocessed Marula products and further identifying Marula fruits flavor compounds and their effect on processing and storage.

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Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the proximate composition and nutritional value of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra)

et al. 2014

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“…Marula has attracted enormous attention since 1906 (Wynberg et al, 2002), especially after the production of a highly successful liqueur using extracts from its fruits . Some literature address the nutritional properties of the kernels (Burger et al, 1987;Glew et al, 2004), its distribution and relative abundance (Peters, 1988), fruiting patterns and seed germination (Lewis, 1987) as well as the fl avor of the juice (Pretorius et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of an indigenous tree to southern African communities with specific relevance to its domestication and commercialization: a case of the marula tree

et al. 2011

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Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefi ts from marula [Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro]. These include the contribution of this species towards health, nutrition, food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it. Marula fruits can be eaten fresh, squeezed to make juice, brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly. The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics, i.e., for skin and hair application. The bark, roots, seeds and leaves are exploited for traditional medicinal purposes. Marula has acquired signifi cant commercial value since its fruits and other products have entered local, regional and international trade in southern Africa. To diversify fruit production and satisfy the increasing demands for this resource, several domestication initiatives have been carried out at regional and international levels. The accumulated knowledge and skills relevant to the establishment and commercialization of marula therefore provide an effective guide in areas where marula remains undomesticated or underutilized. We discuss the great importance of marula in southern Africa to reveal its great potential to regions where it remains unexploited.

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“…caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro is one of the traditionally important indigenous fruits of Southern Africa, which in recent years has also become commercially important as its fruits and other products have entered local, regional and international trade Wynberg et al 2002). In many countries, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are an under-utilised resource, and it is only in recent years that the potential to domesticate these products to enhance the livelihoods of poor people has been appreciated (Leakey 2001a,b;Leakey et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

Leakey

2005

Agroforest Syst

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An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0-4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel 'ideotypes' are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.

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Knowledge onSclerocarya birreasubsp.caffrawith emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A Summary

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

A review of the proximate composition and nutritional value of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra)

A review of the proximate composition and nutritional value of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra)

The importance of an indigenous tree to southern African communities with specific relevance to its domestication and commercialization: a case of the marula tree

Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

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