“…Bystander CPR is pro-social and altruistic conduct to promote the welfare of others. Researchers such as Vaillancourt [ 26 ]、Mao [ 14 ] and Zhou [ 27 ] have employed TPB to explore the willingness of the old population, college students, and medical students to perform CPR, constructing a theoretical model of willingness-centered bystander CPR. These TPB-based studies of bystanders' willingness to perform CPR, however, currently lack well-established scales, which makes it difficult to standardize the assessment of behavioral willingness and the intensity of each contributing factor.…”