2018
DOI: 10.3390/beverages4020046
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Known and Emerging Mycotoxins in Small- and Large-Scale Brewed Beer

Abstract: The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), sterigmatocystin (STC), and citrinin (CIT) was evaluated in samples of small-(SS) and large-scale (LS) brewed beer. The analyses were conducted using HPLC-FLD for OTA, GC-MS for DON, and LC-MS/MS for STC and CIT. During 2017, a total of 83 samples of SS and LS brewed beer (42 and 41, respectively) were sampled; for both types of beer, the most sold beers in Italy were collected. CIT was never detected in any sample, whereas OTA, DON, and STC prevalenc… Show more

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Cited by 16 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…OTA was found in five samples from Norway and England, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 µg/L [36]. Bertuzzi et al found OTA in the most sold beers in Italy with a mean concentration of 0.007 µg/L, with a maximum value of 0.07 µg/L [37].…”
Section: Frequency and Occurrence Of Ota In Beer Samplesmentioning
confidence: 97%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…OTA was found in five samples from Norway and England, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 µg/L [36]. Bertuzzi et al found OTA in the most sold beers in Italy with a mean concentration of 0.007 µg/L, with a maximum value of 0.07 µg/L [37].…”
Section: Frequency and Occurrence Of Ota In Beer Samplesmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…The lowest OTA frequency was found in countries such as Brazil (0-5.3%) [14], China (0%) [24], Korea [16] and Turkey (14%) [23]. Recently, OTA was found in 45.8% of the most sold beers in Italy [37].…”
Section: Frequency and Occurrence Of Ota In Beer Samplesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Both natural and anthropogenic factors introduce heavy metals into the environment. Metal mining, smelters, shredder plants, trash dumping, and incineration, among other human activities, have raised the concentration of metals in the natural environment, causing their mobilisation to surpass their natural concentration [ 68 ].…”
Section: Chemical Safety Of Beermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Contamination with Fusarium or other toxigenic or non-toxigenic fungi can greatly interfere with the plants’ metabolism and therefore alter the composition of the grains and brewing-related enzymes, besides influencing the safety of the final product [ 4 ]. Among the most occurring Fusarium mycotoxins recorded in beer are zearalenone (ZEN), type B trichothecenes as nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc), 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3Ac- and 15-Ac-DON) and, to a lesser extent, type A trichothecenes such as T-2 and HT-2 toxins [ 5 ]. Their intake is associated with many acute and chronic toxic effects in both animals and humans ( Table 1 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%