Known and Potential Invertebrate Vectors of Raspberry Viruses

Abstract

The estimated global production of raspberry from year 2016 to 2020 averaged 846,515 tons. The most common cultivated Rubus spp. is European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. subsp. idaeus). Often cultivated for its high nutritional value, the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is susceptible to multiple viruses that lead to yield loss. These viruses are transmitted through different mechanisms, of which one is invertebrate vectors. Aphids and nematodes are known to be vectors of specific raspberry viruses. However, there are still other potential raspberry virus vectors that are not well-studied. This review aimed to provide an overview of studies related to this topic. All the known invertebrates feeding on raspberry were summarized. Eight species of aphids and seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes were the only proven raspberry virus vectors. In addition, the eriophyid mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis, has been suggested as the natural vector of raspberry leaf blotch virus based on the current available evidence. Interactions between vector and non-vector herbivore may promote the spread of raspberry viruses. As a conclusion, there are still multiple aspects of this topic that require further studies to get a better understanding of the interactions among the viral pathogens, invertebrate vectors, and non-vectors in the raspberry agroecosystem. Eventually, this will assist in development of better pest management strategies.

Incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses in raspberry and raspberry aphids in Norway and experiments on aphid transmission of black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV)

“…, Am. agathonica and A. rubicola are speci c in North America(Blackman & Eastop, 2000;Martin et al, 2013) and the others have alternative hosts and are only occasionally observed on raspberry plants(Gordon et al, 1997;Tan et al, 2022).In the transmission experiments, we found that Am. idaei can acquire and transmit BRNV within a remarkably short period, one minute for acquisition and within one hour for inoculation.…”

“…Raspberry plants are vulnerable to a host of pathogens, particularly viruses (Martin et al, 2013). Till now, 23 plant viruses from different families and genera are known to infect raspberry (Koloniuk et al, 2023;Tan et al, 2022). Among them, aphid-transmitted viruses, such as black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV), raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), and Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV), are important, causing raspberry mosaic disease (RMD) when occurring as mixed infections (Alford, 2007;Converse, 1987).…”

“…In Europe, the large European raspberry aphid, Amphorophora idaei (or Am. rubi idaei) is the primary vector transmitting BRNV, RLMV, and RYNV, while the small European raspberry aphid, Aphis idaei transmits RVCV (Martin et al, 2013;Tan et al, 2022).…”

Chemical Composition of Healthy and Raspberry Leaf Blotch Emaravirus-Infected Red Raspberry ‘Willamette’ Fruits

“…Its genome is 17,410 nucleotides (nt) long and consists of eight segmented RNAs [8,9]. The suspected vector of the virus is P. gracillis [9][10][11]. RLBV is widely present in raspberry orchards in Serbia and induces severe symptoms in infected plants [7].…”

Population density of eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) on raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and their association with leaf blotch symptoms

“…Red raspberry, Rubus idaeus, is known to be infested by at least six species of eriophyid mites. Among them, the raspberry leaf and bud mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis, (Figure 1, A-B) is the only known vector of a raspberry virus, namely the raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV) (Dong et al 2016;McGavin et al 2012;Tan et al 2022). Raspberry leaf blotch (Figure 1, C), a leaf disorder displaying as leaf chlorosis, distortion and patchy necrosis, yellowing and thinning on lateral branches, has been attributed to the feeding of P. gracilis until RLBV was also found to be associated with these symptoms (McGavin et al 2012).…”