Knox’s cube imitation test: A historical review and an experimental analysis

Richardson, John T. E.

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.06.001

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…The factors were interpreted as working-memory, executive control, and attention. The memory items all loaded predominantly on the working-memory factor, with KCT loading on both memory and attention, consistent with earlier research [36]. The SLVS scores, KICA-EF scores, and the adapted TMT B-A scores loaded together on the executive control factor.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Identifying culturally acceptable cognitive tests for use in remote northern Australia

Rock

Price

2019

BMC Psychol

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Background A lack of culturally appropriate tests hampers accurate assessment of cognition in remote Australian Aboriginal communities. In Arnhem Land, this study employed a community consultation process to evaluate commonly used Western tests of executive function, memory, attention, and visuospatial function. Methods An initial consultation process and a follow-up pilot study resulted in the rejection of some common tests, the development of new tests, and culturally adapted versions of others. In the subsequent 30-person main trial, adult Aboriginal volunteers were examined on nine tests, plus the Kimberly Indigenous Cognitive Assessment screen, and a brief literacy test. Results Executive function, memory, and attention tests were found to group separately after an exploratory principal components analysis. Correlations between new tests and similar Kimberly screen items were not significant, but ceiling effects may be relevant. Six of 13 test scores were found to correlate with the literacy measure. Conclusions A selection of cognitive tests were identified that Aboriginal people found culturally acceptable and engaging. In particular, Self-Ordered Pointing, Trail-Making, a verbal-switching task, and a new test “Which car?” show promise for further development. This work may contribute to the need for culturally appropriate cognitive testing in Aboriginal communities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Identifying culturally acceptable cognitive tests for use in remote northern Australia

Rock

Price

2019

BMC Psychol

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“…27 The Knox’s Cube Imitation Test is a nonverbal test of intelligence, with satisfactory reliability in attention, concentration, and executive efficiency. 28 The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is another test particularly sensitive to changes in executive performances, especially frontal lobe damages. 29 –31 The Digit Span Test, Trail Making Test, and Knox’s Cube Imitation Test revealed her cognitive impairment in processing speed, attention, memory, visuospatial abilities, and executive functions, while the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test indicated that she had disturbed strategy and deficits in her executive functions, abstract thinking, and planning skill as she completed the tasks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Early Cognitive Impairment Using AD8 in a Young Patient With Stroke With Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

Hsieh

Kuan

Hsieh

et al. 2013

Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen

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Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) syndrome is a hereditary disease resulting from NOTCH3 gene mutation. The clinical presentations include migraine, recurrent stroke, and cognitive impairment. The severity of cognitive impairment varies in different stages, and early recognition poses a challenge. A 47-year-old lady presented with chronic migraine and sudden onset of hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed compatible findings of CADASIL, which was confirmed by mutation analysis of NOTCH3 gene. Early cognitive impairment was detected by her score of 3 in Ascertain Dementia 8 (AD8) questionnaire and confirmed by detailed neuropsychological assessments. After 21 months of follow-up, deterioration in her cognition and ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living were significant with a follow-up AD8 score of 7. Ascertain Dementia 8 questionnaire is an easy and valid screening tool for early cognitive impairment in patients with CADASIL syndrome.

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“…When these works discussed a particular subtest that resembled a subtest on a modern Wechsler scale or the Stanford-Binet 5, we investigated literature that the author cited so that we could track down the original source of the subtest. We did the same for two sources about the history of a specific subtest (Richardson, 2005(Richardson, , 2011. Additionally, we consulted the manuals for the original Stanford-Binet (Terman, 1916), the Army Alpha and Army Beta (Yerkes, 1921), and we read English translations of Binet's reports of his original scales (Binet 1911(Binet /1916Binet & Simon, 1905a/1916, 1908/1916 to understand which subtests appeared on these influential instruments and to try to link them with modern subtests.…”

Section: Search Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Knox's original version, the examiner would tap a series of larger cubes in a predetermined order with a smaller cube; the examinee was to then use the smaller cube to repeat the sequence. In later versions, the smaller cube was replaced with another object, generically called a "pawn" (Richardson, 2005). In the modern SB5 block span subtest, the pawn has been removed from the test, with the examinee instead using their fingers to tap the blocks in the order they are shown.…”

Section: Block Spanmentioning

confidence: 99%

First publication of subtests in the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, WISC-V, and WPPSI-IV

Gibbons

Warne

2019

Intelligence

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In this article we describe the origins of the subtests that appear on the modern Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV). We found that the majority of these subtest formats were first created in 1908 or earlier and that only three have been created since 1980. We discuss the implications of this findings, which are that (1) many subtests have lengthy research histories that support their use in measuring intelligence; (2) many subtests have formats that predate modern theories of test creation, cognitive psychology, and intelligence; and (3) the history of many subtests is more complex than psychologists probably realize.

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Knox’s cube imitation test: A historical review and an experimental analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 116 publications

Identifying culturally acceptable cognitive tests for use in remote northern Australia

Identifying culturally acceptable cognitive tests for use in remote northern Australia

Detection of Early Cognitive Impairment Using AD8 in a Young Patient With Stroke With Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome

First publication of subtests in the Stanford-Binet 5, WAIS-IV, WISC-V, and WPPSI-IV

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