Kojic acid, a secondary metabolite from<i>Aspergillus</i>sp., acts as an inducer of macrophage activation

Rodrigues, Ana Paula; Carvalho, Antonio Sergio Costa; Santos, Alberdan S.; Alves, Cláudio Nahum; Nascimento, José Luíz Martins do; Silva, Edilene O.

doi:10.1042/cbi20100083

Cited by 45 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Recently, we reported that KA could modulate macrophage activation through cytoskeleton rearrangement, increase cell surface exposure, and enhance the phagocytic process and superoxide anions (O 2 − ) production [18]. The antiamastigote effect observed in the present report showed that KA promotes a stimulatory effect in macrophages, killing the parasites.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The experiments were performed according to Rodrigues et al . (2011) [18] with some modification. After 24 h of growth, macrophages were incubated with 50 μg/mL of KA, 0.5 mg/mL of NBT and in the presence or absence of L.amazonensis promastigotes (ratio 10∶1) for one hour.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…KA is used as a food additive [7], [8], [9], as a skin-whitening cosmetic agent for the treatment of melasma [10], [11], [12], [13], an antioxidant, antitumor agent [7], [14], [15], [16] and radioprotective agent [17]. Recently, we have shown that KA is able to activate mice peritoneal macrophages, promoting O 2 - production, enhanced phagocytosis activity and cytoskeleton reorganization [18]. It should be empathized that, based on previous and current data obtained by our group, three patent applications have been registered and published [19], [20], [21] proposing the use of KA as an anti-leishmanial product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Function for Kojic Acid, a Secondary Metabolite from Aspergillus Fungi, as Antileishmanial Agent

et al. 2014

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Kojic acid (KA) is a fungal metabolite used as a topical treatment skin-whitening cosmetic agent for melasma in humans; however its potential as an anti-leishmanial agent is unknown. Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for Leishmaniasis. However, the drugs available are expensive, invasive, require long-term treatment and have severe side effects. Thus, the development of new effective leishmanicidal agents is a necessity. In this study we investigated the anti-leishmanial effect of KA on L. amazonensis, following in vitro and in vivo infections. KA (50 μg/mL) was found to decrease the growth by 62% (IC50 34 μg/mL) and 79% (IC50 27.84 μg/mL) of promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of KA-treated amastigotes showed the presence of vesicles bodies into the flagellar pocket, and an intense intracellular vacuolization and swelling of the mitochondrion. During the in vitro interaction of parasites and the host cell, KA reverses the superoxide anions (O2 -) inhibitory mechanism promoted by parasite. In addition, 4 weeks after KA-topical formulation treatment of infected animals, a healing process was observed with a high production of collagen fibers and a decrease in parasite burden. Thus, these results demonstrated the great potential of KA as an anti-leishmanial compound.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Function for Kojic Acid, a Secondary Metabolite from Aspergillus Fungi, as Antileishmanial Agent

et al. 2014

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“…In addition, kojic acid has been used as an antibiotic, pesticide, and analytical chemical (in the determination of thorium and rare earths) as recorded by many investigator [10–12]. Utilization of industrial waste or by-products for the fungal production of useful products has been recommended by many investigations such as glycerol production by filamentous fungi using cheese whey [13–15], lipid, and sterol and ergosterol production by fungi using sugar cane molasses or cheese whey [16–18] and side-chain degradation and some biological transformation of progesterone by fungi using sugar cane molasses [19] and cyclosporin A production by fungi grown on agro-industrial wastes of some fruits, vegetables, and pickles as well as molasses and corn steeps [20–22]. The objective of this study was to study the following: the potentialities of kojic acid and production by 278 different fungal isolates; comparison between static and shaking cultivation methods for the production; optimization of both nutritional and environmental factors affecting the acid production; and utilization of 15 kinds of agro-industrial wastes or by-products by the high kojic acid producers for acid formation as well as production of this product on semi-industrial scale using a laboratory fermentor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kojic Acid Production from Agro-Industrial By-Products Using Fungi

El-Kady

Zohri

Hamed

2014

Biotechnology Research International

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A total of 278 different isolates of filamentous fungi were screened using synthetic medium for respective ability to produce kojic acid. Nineteen, six, and five isolates proved to be low, moderate, and high kojic acid producers, respectively. Levels of kojic acid produced were generally increased when shaking cultivation was used rather than those obtained using static cultivation. A trial for the utilization of 15 agro-industrial wastes or by-products for kojic acid production by the five selected higher kojic acid producer isolates was made. The best by-product medium recorded was molasses for kojic acid. A. flavus numbers 7 and 24 were able to grow and produce kojic acid on only 12 out of 15 wastes or by-products media. The best medium used for kojic acid production by A. flavus number 7 was rice fragments followed by molasses, while the best medium used for kojic acid production by A. flavus number 24 was the molasses followed by orange, pea, and rice fragments. An attempt for production of kojic acid using a 1.5 L laboratory fermentor has been made. Aspergillus flavus number 7 was used and grown on molasses medium; maximum level (53.5 g/L) of kojic acid was obtained after eight days of incubation.

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“…29,[45][46][47][48] In addition, it has also been shown that KA significantly enhances neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation. 49,50 In this study, we have incorporated CS and PEG on the surface of MNPs as a first attempt to use them in antibacterial applications. Due to the importance of KA (and its derivatives) in antibacterial applications, as shown from the previous pharmacological studies, KA was chosen as the model active substance in this study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel kojic acid-polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites for medical applications

Hussein‐Al‐Ali¹,

Zowalaty²,

Hussein³

et al. 2014

IJN

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Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation of iron salts in sodium hydroxide followed by coating separately with chitosan (CS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form CS-MNPs and PEG-MNPs nanoparticles, respectively. They were then loaded with kojic acid (KA), a pharmacologically bioactive natural compound, to form KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites, respectively. The MNPs and their nanocomposites were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The powder X-ray diffraction data suggest that all formulations consisted of highly crystalline, pure magnetite Fe 3 O 4 . The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the presence of both polymers and KA in the nanocomposites. Magnetization curves showed that both nanocomposites (KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs) were superparamagnetic with saturation magnetizations of 8.1 emu/g and 26.4 emu/g, respectively. The KA drug loading was estimated using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, which gave a loading of 12.2% and 8.3% for the KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites, respectively. The release profile of the KA from the nanocomposites followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The agar diffusion test was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity for both KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites against a number of microorganisms using two Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis ) and one Gram-negative ( Salmonella enterica ) species, and showed some antibacterial activity, which could be enhanced in future studies by optimizing drug loading. This study provided evidence for the promise for the further investigation of the possible beneficial biological activities of KA and both KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites in nanopharmaceutical applications.

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Kojic acid, a secondary metabolite fromAspergillussp., acts as an inducer of macrophage activation

Cited by 45 publications

References 48 publications

A Novel Function for Kojic Acid, a Secondary Metabolite from Aspergillus Fungi, as Antileishmanial Agent

A Novel Function for Kojic Acid, a Secondary Metabolite from Aspergillus Fungi, as Antileishmanial Agent

Kojic Acid Production from Agro-Industrial By-Products Using Fungi

Novel kojic acid-polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites for medical applications

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