“…Masztalerz [2018], considering this as a communication barrier of the accounting language, analyzes syntactic problems concerning various financial indicators, including profitability ratios.3 As of March 2019.4 In the further part of the article, companies will be referred to using the abbreviations used on the WSE: CCC -CCC, CD Projekt -CDR, Cyfrowy Polsat -CPS, Dino Polska -DNP, Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa -JSW, KGHM -KGH, LPP -LPP, Lotos -LTS, Orange Polska -OPL, Poland Grupa Energetyczna -PGE, PGNiG -PGN, PKN Orlen -PKN, Play -PLY, Tauron -TPE.5 In some cases, some or all of the documents were contained in one PDF file under the heading "annual report" or "integrated report", but this is not relevant to the purpose of the research. In…”