“…Located in the Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC), Borneo is characterized by its high convective activity, complex atmospheric dynamics, and unique climate (Yamanaka 2016(Yamanaka , 2020Hashiguchi, 2018). The variability of rainfall in this region is influenced by many drivers such as monsoons, Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Borneo Vortex, Cold Surges, and other phenomena (Dambul, 2010;Qian et al, 2013;Paulus and Shanas, 2017;Isnoor et al, 2019;Purwaningsih et al, 2020;Mandang and Rahmiati, 2022).…”