Korean Immigrant Mothers’ Praise and Encouragement, Acculturation, and Their Children’s Socioemotional and Behavioral Difficulties

Culturally shared and unique meanings and expressions of maternal control across four cultures.

“…Immigrant families from heritage cultures with traditionally interdependent cultural models residing in societies with more independent family models provide another unique opportunity to understand maternal control. Specifically, Chinese and Korean immigrant families in the United States necessarily negotiate both cultural values of independence and interdependence as they incorporate new goals and practices emphasized by the larger Western American culture while maintaining aspects of their heritage Asian culture (Cheah et al, 2013;Seo et al, 2017). For instance, Chinese notions of chiao shun and guan focus on educating, teaching, and training children, which reflect Chinese immigrant mothers' valuing of inculcating moral and societal values and positive social behaviors and manners to their children (Chao, 1994;Chen et al, 2012).…”

“…These mothers emphasized different maternal control cognitions and practices, which suggests that they balance their goals of socializing autonomousrelated selves in their children in unique ways (Bornstein, 2017;Kag ˘ıtçıbas ¸ı, 2005). For immigrant families, parenting values and practices can be differently influenced by the traditional values of the specific heritage culture, levels of exposure to the mainstream cultural values, the process of adjustment to a new country, and co-ethnic community (e.g., Seo et al, 2017;Yu et al, 2016;Zhou & Kim, 2006). Similarly, economic changes and increased educational levels due to urbanization can uniquely influence mothers' endorsement of traditional Turkish values and parenting practices (S ¸en et al, 2014).…”

Longitudinal relations among child temperament, parenting, and acculturation in predicting Korean American children’s externalizing problems.

“…Korean immigrant parents are often characterized as being less expressive in parental warmth due to the traditional valuing of emotional reservedness within the hierarchical Korean familial structure (Kim et al, 2012). However, previous studies have found that Korean immigrant mothers tend to use more praise and engage in more hugging and kissing with their children as they adapt to the American society (Kim et al, 2012;Kim & Hong, 2007; CHILD ADJUSTMENT, PARENTING, AND ACCULTURATION Seo et al, 2017). Moreover, Korean immigrant mothers' use of physical affection is positively concurrently associated with their children's social competence (Kim et al, 2010).…”

Chinese American children’s temperamental shyness and responses to peer victimization as moderated by maternal praise.

“…", "Great! "), was coded as a praise statement and counted as one instance of praise (Seo et al, 2017). The free-play session was coded in segments of ten seconds, where the frequency of maternal praise was provided for each ten-seconds observed by Mangold INTERACT behavioral observation coding software (Mangold, 2015).…”

“…Furthermore, we determined that the moderating role of maternal parenting in these associations would be important to explore. Several studies have demonstrated a positive association between maternal praise and Asian and Asian American children’s socioemotional and behavioral outcomes (Seo et al, 2017; Shinohara et al, 2012). Nevertheless, little attention has been devoted to examining the role of maternal praise on Chinese American children’s social adjustment, especially with regard to their responses to peer victimization.…”