Korean Traditional Fermented Foods (KTFFs): Antiobesity Effects and Salt Paradox

Mun, Eun-Gyung; Cha, Youn‐Soo

doi:10.1021/bk-2019-1303.ch009

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Persistent HD intake results in the activation of a pro-inflammatory response and imbalance of gut microbiota, leading to chronic inflammation [25][26][27]. As one of the commonly consumed KTFFs, Gochujang exerts multiple health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects [28]. For example, Gochujang ameliorates colonic inflammation by suppressing TNFα and IL-6 gene expressions and by recovering gut microbiota dysbiosis in DSS-derived IBD [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gochujang Ameliorates Hepatic Inflammation by Improving Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

et al. 2023

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Abnormal fat accumulation with gut microbiota dysbiosis results in hepatic inflammation by upregulating the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokine. Gochujang, a traditional fermented condiment, has beneficial effects, such as anti-colonic inflammatory effects. However, Gochujang has been controversial because of its high salt content (the Korean Paradox). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the preventative effects of Gochujang on hepatic inflammation and related gut microbiota through discussing the Korean Paradox. The mice were divided into groups including a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), HD with salt (SALT), HD with a high percentage of beneficial microbiota Gochujang (HBM), and HD with diverse beneficial microbiota Gochujang (DBM). Gochujang markedly reduced lipid accumulation, hepatic injury, and inflammation response. Furthermore, Gochujang attenuated protein expression involved in the JNK/IκB/NF-κB pathway. Additionally, Gochujang regulated the gut microbiota-derived LPS production and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Gochujang regulated the levels of gut microbiota such as Bacteroides, Muribaculum, Lactobacillus, and Enterorhabdus, which were correlated with hepatic inflammation. Salt did not have foregoing effects, meaning that the salt content in Gochujang did not affect its anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, Gochujang showed anti-hepatic inflammation effects via reduced lipid accumulation, hepatic injury, and inflammatory response together with reorganization of gut microbiota dysbiosis regardless of salt content and the difference of micro bacteria composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Korean Paradox proposes the possibility of the different effects of salt in fermented foods and the additive table salt [28]. Indeed, Gochujang-fed mice experienced improvements in DSS-induced IBD, while additive table salt-fed mice (same amount of salt in Gochujang) did not show any amelioration [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gochujang Ameliorates Hepatic Inflammation by Improving Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

et al. 2023

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“…Although Korean consumes high salt from their traditional fermented foods, including doenjang, the prevalence of obesity and hypertension is relatively lower than in other countries [37]; and this phenomenon is defined as the "Korean Paradox" [38,39]. Korean Paradox proposes the possibility that the metabolism and functions of the salt in doenjang and the additive salt may differ.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Korean fermented soybean paste (Doenjang) has anti-obesity and anti-hypertensive effects via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Woo,

Han,

Park

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The health-beneficial outcomes of doenjang, a Korean fermented food have been questioned due to its high salt content; moreover, the detailed underlying mechanisms of its health beneficial effects are not fully investigated. Thus, this study aimed to investigate doenjang’s anti-obesity effects, anti-hypertensive effects, and its underlying mechanisms in high-fat diet -induced obesity. Sprague-Dawley rats fed with normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), HD with 8% additive salt (HDS), or HD with doenjang containing 8% salt (HDJ) for 13 weeks. Compared to HD and HDS groups, the HDJ group had lower body and epididymal fat tissue weight gain and showed hypotrophy and hypoplasia. The RAS-related mRNA levels in the adipose tissue, including Renin and Ace were downregulated in the HDJ group compared to HD and HDS groups. Additionally, HDJ groups had significant improvements in systolic blood pressure, serum RAS-associated parameters (e.g., angiotensin II and aldosterone), renal mRNA levels related to RAS (e.g., angiotensin II receptor type 1 and 2), and aldosterone-associated mRNA expressions (e.g., mineralocorticoid receptor) in the kidney of HD-induced obese rats. Most importantly, HDS and HDJ groups showed distinct outcomes regarding adipogenesis and electrolytes metabolism, even though both diets contain a high level of salt. HDS group showed a higher epididymal fat tissue weight, mass, and adipocyte size than HDJ group. In addition, compared with HDJ group, HDS group significantly decreased the release of Na+ and K+ throughout the urine and feces. The present study addresses that doenjang has anti-obesity effects and anti-hypertensive effects by activating RAS in the adipose tissue and kidney, respectively. Additionally, this study also demonstrates that salt in doenjang and the additive salt differently influences adipogenesis and electrolytes metabolism, supporting doenjang has health advantageous effects regardless of its high salt contents.

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“…Therefore, appropriately regulated mineral content through the washing and dehydration process in uences microbial metabolism, counteracting the negative impact of salt during the fermentation process and contributing to the production of various bioactive compounds in doenjang. These ndings are considered a form of the Korean paradox [57].…”

Section: Metabolite Analysis Using Uplc-q-tof Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticancer Effects of Washed-Dehydrated Solar Salt Doenjang and its Metabolites

Lee,

Hong,

Park

2023

Preprint

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In this study, the anticancer effect of doenjang according to the type of salt was investigated. Three samples were prepared: doenjang made with purified salt (PSD), doenjang made with generally manufactured solar salt (GSD), and doenjang made with washed and dehydrated solar salt (WDSD). In mice in which colon cancer was induced with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), doenjang made with solar salt, especially doenjang made with washed and dehydrated solar salt, was found to have a much higher colon cancer inhibition effect. WDSD significantly promoted the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related factors such as Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax) and caspase 9 and the cell cycle arrest-related factors p53 and p21, and conversely significantly reduced the mRNA expression of apoptosis inhibitors such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) (p < 0.05). Additionally, metabolites were investigated to determine which substances in WDSD exhibit this anticancer effect. As a result, the contents of isoflavone and soyasaponin B in the form of aglycons such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein, which are known to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, were found to be significantly high. Therefore, the results confirmed that doenjang prepared with washed and dehydrated solar salt has superior anticancer potential against colon cancer, and that various active ingredients contribute to the improvement of this functionality.

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Korean Traditional Fermented Foods (KTFFs): Antiobesity Effects and Salt Paradox

Cited by 7 publications

References 59 publications

Gochujang Ameliorates Hepatic Inflammation by Improving Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Gochujang Ameliorates Hepatic Inflammation by Improving Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Korean fermented soybean paste (Doenjang) has anti-obesity and anti-hypertensive effects via the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Anticancer Effects of Washed-Dehydrated Solar Salt Doenjang and its Metabolites

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