Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten

Kretschmer, Ernst

doi:10.1007/bf01706739

Cited by 76 publications

(94 citation statements)

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“…Many researchers have pointed out that the higher mean age in women could be linked to a fall in the rapid secretion of oestrogen during the menopause. [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] In the early 20th century, Kraepelin and Kretschmer speculated that low oestrogen state (i.e. hypoestrogenism) was a possible factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical features of late‐onset schizophrenia in Japan: comparison with early‐onset cases

et al. 2013

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Background: Although the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders abandoned the use of the specifier 'late-onset', a considerable number of studies have reported clinical characteristics of late-onset schizophrenia. Still, only limited research has been conducted on late-onset schizophrenia, especially in Asian countries. In this epidemiological study, the clinical characteristics of late-onset schizophrenia were examined in comparison with early-onset schizophrenia. Methods: All patients with schizophrenia admitted to the psychiatric ward of Jichi Medical University Hospital between 1 April 1993 and 31 March 2006 were divided into two groups according to age at first onset: ≥40 years (late-onset group) and <40 years (early-onset group). The sex ratio, presence or absence of depression, schizophrenia subtype, premorbid character, marital history, and employment history at first onset were compared between the two groups. Results: Of the 316 patients with schizophrenia identified, 38 patients were assigned to the late-onset group and 278 patients to the early-onset group. Mean age at onset was 23.9 1 8.2 years for all men and 28.0 1 13.5 years for all women. The late-onset group was characterized by more women, more paranoid type, more depressive symptoms, less introverted premorbid character, better premorbid adaptation and less neuroleptics. Conclusion: The characteristics of late-onset schizophrenia in Japan are in line those reported previously.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical features of late‐onset schizophrenia in Japan: comparison with early‐onset cases

et al. 2013

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“…The factorial composition of these possible convergent designations seems to be complex; for instance, in the literature N as well as (low) E aspects emerge in descriptions of the schizoid personality (see, for example, Bleuler, 1972;Cadoret, 1973;Kretschmer, 1929;Muntaner, Garcia-Sevilla, Fernandez and Torrubia, 1988;Nielsen and Petersen, 1976). But there seems to be room for at least a third factor, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But there seems to be room for at least a third factor, e.g. related to what Kretschmer (1929) has called 'unempJindlich-schizoid behaviour. This ' Unempjindlichkeit' is considered to be related to affective flatness, arrogance, and egocentrism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 3DPT dimensions S, E, and N: A critical evaluation of Eysenck's Psychoticism model

Kampen

1993

Eur J Pers

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In this article a critical evaluation is given of Eysenck's Psychoticism model. It is argued that in this model two sub‐models can be distinguished, which, contrary to Eysenck's presentation, cannot be regarded as true extensions of each other. With respect to one of these models, the ‚genotypic’︁ P‐model, the theory is criticized in that both schizophrenia and affective psychosis are determined by a common genetic predisposition which can phenotypically manifest itself in variations of P. Instead of this theory, the likelihood is put forward that a high EPQ‐P score, albeit in combination with a high N and a low E score (and notwithstanding the fact that criminals or psychopaths can also obtain high P scores), is (only) related to the schizoid state, and hence, that P seems to be relevant either as a predisposing factor contributing to the development of schizophrenic psychosis, or as a factor on which biological relatives of schizophrenics obtain higher scores on average than normals do. In this respect, Eysenck's theory that the non‐schizoid form of psychopathy can also be found among first‐degree relatives of schizophrenics, and hence, that psychopathy and schizoidia are genetically related, is also criticized. Furthermore, it is argued that Eysenck's EPQ‐P scale is not optimal for measuring those traits of the schizoid personality which are independent of N and/or E. Both arguments regarding the contents of this scale and arguments with respect to the demonstrated lack of invariance of the EPQ‐P factor are adduced to support this statement. Thus, an alternative scale for measuring ‚P’︁ (labelled S or Insensitivity) was designed by us. The S‐scale is based on literature concerning the schizoid state and reflects the results of a series of principal components analyses of (potential) S items, together with N and E items, put into execution with the intention of investigating the invariance of the S factor (and of E and N) with respect to six sample and other parameters. These investigations were carried out on a large, representative sample of the Dutch population. Additional investigations were carried out concerning the reliability and validity of the three newly formed scales. The results of these investigations turned out to be very satisfactory or, in some respects, at least promising. Finally, in this article, comments are made on the nature of the S factor, comparing this dimension with both Eysenck's P factor and the dimensions Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, as proposed, for instance, in McCrae and Costa's version of Nor‐man's 5‐factor model. As against P, the S or Insensitivity factor seems to be only (negatively) related to Agreeableness and not to Conscientiousness. It is also argued that this finding seems to be in accord with the supposed schizoid nature of S and the criticisms levelled at Eysenck's EPQ‐P scale.

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“…Early studies claimed that ''macrosplanchnic'' features or pyknik body shape where the trunk predominates over the limbs, giving an appearance of stoutness, was associated with manic depression [Kretschmer, 1944]. IGF1 is associated with short stature and the finding of our study may tentatively provide a molecular explanation for the previously reported association of pyknic body structure with BD [Arends et al, 2002;Ester et al, 2009a,b].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Genetic association and sequencing of the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene in bipolar affective disorder

et al. 2011

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Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) has been shown to have an important role in brain development and function. Studies of IGF1 administration in rodents have shown that it has an anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the first University College London (UCL) cohort of 506 bipolar affective disorder subjects and 510 controls was carried out. The exons and flanking regions of IGF1 were resequenced, any new polymorphisms found were genotyped in an enlarged UCL sample of 937 cases and 941 controls. GWAS data gave good evidence of allelic and haplotypic association between multiple IGF1 SNP's and bipolar disorder (BD). New polymorphisms were found by resequencing IGF1 region. Data from GWAS and the new markers showed that twelve out of 43 SNPs showed association with BD with the four most significant SNPs having values of 3.7 × 10(-5) , 8.4 × 10(-4) , 2.6 × 10(-4) , and 2.5 × 10(-4) . A 5' promoter microsatellite polymorphism previously correlated with plasma lipoprotein concentration was also associated with BD (P = 0.013). Haplotypic association confirmed association with BD with significance values similar to the single marker SNP values. The marker rs12426318 has also been found to be associated with BD in a second sample. A test of gene wide significance with permutation testing for all markers genotyped at IGF1 was also significant. These data implicate IGF1 as a candidate gene to cause genetic susceptibility to BD.

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Körperbau und Charakter. Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

Clinical features of late‐onset schizophrenia in Japan: comparison with early‐onset cases

Clinical features of late‐onset schizophrenia in Japan: comparison with early‐onset cases

The 3DPT dimensions S, E, and N: A critical evaluation of Eysenck's Psychoticism model

Genetic association and sequencing of the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene in bipolar affective disorder

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