Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Markowitsch, Hans J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045396-5.00046-4

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Within the hypothalamus, the mammillary bodies were implicated in conscious memory processing a long time ago (Markowitsch, 1992 ). This was largely due to their degeneration in patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome (Markowitsch, 2010 ; Markowitsch and Staniloiu, 2012a ). The Korsakoff’s syndrome is the prototypical example of diencephalic amnesia and is characterized by both anterograde and retrograde impairments of mainly episodic-autographical memory, but sometimes semantic memory as well, as well as confabulations and disorientation with respect to time and place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions

Staniloiu¹,

Markowitsch²

2012

Front. Psychology

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Remembering the past is a core feature of human beings, enabling them to maintain a sense of wholeness and identity and preparing them for the demands of the future. Forgetting operates in a dynamic neural connection with remembering, allowing the elimination of unnecessary or irrelevant information overload and decreasing interference. Stress and traumatic experiences could affect this connection, resulting in memory disturbances, such as functional amnesia. An overview of clinical, epidemiological, neuropsychological, and neurobiological aspects of functional amnesia is presented, by preponderantly resorting to own data from patients with functional amnesia. Patients were investigated medically, neuropsychologically, and neuroradiologically. A detailed report of a new case is included to illustrate the challenges posed by making an accurate differential diagnosis of functional amnesia, a condition that may encroach on the boundaries between psychiatry and neurology. Several mechanisms may play a role in “forgetting” in functional amnesia, such as retrieval impairments, consolidating defects, motivated forgetting, deficits in binding and reassembling details of the past, deficits in establishing a first person autonoetic connection with personal events, and loss of information. In a substantial number of patients, we observed a synchronization abnormality between a frontal lobe system, important for autonoetic consciousness, and a temporo-amygdalar system, important for evaluation and emotions, which provides empirical support for an underlying mechanism of dissociation (a failure of integration between cognition and emotion). This observation suggests a mnestic blockade in functional amnesia that is triggered by psychological or environmental stress and is underpinned by a stress hormone mediated synchronization abnormality during retrieval between processing of affect-laden events and fact-processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The syndrome is typically described in patients with chronic alcohol abuse and vitamin B 1 (thiamine) deficiency or various medical conditions with severe thiamine deficiency (cf. Markowitsch, 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions

Staniloiu¹,

Markowitsch²

2012

Front. Psychology

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“…Korsakoff's amnesia usually affects medial thalamic structures and the mammillary bodies within the hypothalamus [295]. Bonhoeffer already in 1901 [197] characterized patients with Korsakoff's syndrome as having major anterograde amnesia, retrograde memory defects, disorientation, and confabulatory tendencies.…”

Section: Memory and The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As brain lesions are rarely confined to one nucleus, and as the limbic structures are especially heavy interconnected [ 294 ], structures of both circuits are usually damaged. Korsakoff's amnesia usually affects medial thalamic structures and the mammillary bodies within the hypothalamus [ 295 ]. Bonhoeffer already in 1901 [ 197 ] characterized patients with Korsakoff's syndrome as having major anterograde amnesia, retrograde memory defects, disorientation, and confabulatory tendencies.…”

Section: Memory and The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes

Markowitsch

2013

ISRN Neuroscience

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Relations between memory and the self are framed from a number of perspectives—developmental aspects, forms of memory, interrelations between memory and the brain, and interactions between the environment and memory. The self is seen as dividable into more rudimentary and more advanced aspects. Special emphasis is laid on memory systems and within them on episodic autobiographical memory which is seen as a pure human form of memory that is dependent on a proper ontogenetic development and shaped by the social environment, including culture. Self and episodic autobiographical memory are seen as interlocked in their development and later manifestation. Aside from content-based aspects of memory, time-based aspects are seen along two lines—the division between short-term and long-term memory and anterograde—future-oriented—and retrograde—past-oriented memory. The state dependency of episodic autobiographical is stressed and implications of it—for example, with respect to the occurrence of false memories and forensic aspects—are outlined. For the brain level, structural networks for encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval are discussed both by referring to patient data and to data obtained in normal participants with functional brain imaging methods. It is elaborated why descriptions from patients with functional or dissociative amnesia are particularly apt to demonstrate the facets in which memory, self, and personal temporality are interwoven.

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Vergessen im klinisch-neurowissenschaftlichen Bereich

Pritzel

Markowitsch

2017

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Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions

Towards Solving the Riddle of Forgetting in Functional Amnesia: Recent Advances and Current Opinions

Memory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes

Vergessen im klinisch-neurowissenschaftlichen Bereich

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