Krafft Temperature, Critical Micelle Concentration, and Rheology of “Pseudo‐Gemini” Surfactant Comprising Fatty Acid Soap and Bola‐Type Quaternary Ammonium Salt

Abstract

Bola‐type quaternary ammonium salt can bridge with two fatty acid soaps through electrostatic attraction to form a pseudogemini surfactant, which enhances the solution viscosity. In this work, the effects of the building blocks (spacer and hydrophobic chain) of a pseudogemini surfactant on the Krafft temperature, critical micelle concentration, and rheological properties were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of bola‐type salt obviously decreased the Krafft temperature of sodium stearate (C18ONa), and a bola‐type salt bearing a large benzene ring (Bola2be) was more effective than the one bearing an ethyl group (Bola2et) or a hydroxyethyl group (Bola2hy). When bola‐type salt is mixed with fatty acid soap at a fixed molar ratio of 1:2, a pseudogemini surfactant forms in situ, and the viscosity of the solution is significantly enhanced by the formation of a worm‐like micelle (WLM) network. The stronger the hydrophobicity of the bola‐type salt or the tail of the fatty acid soap, the lower the critical overlapping and micelle concentrations, and the stronger is the ability to enhance viscosity. However, pseudogemini surfactants that use sodium stearate as a monomer show similar self‐assembly abilities to those using sodium oleate as a monomer. In addition, the WLM formed by pseudogemini surfactants composed of Bola2be and sodium stearate or sodium oleate were liable to branch at high concentrations.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of dipotassium dodecyl diphenyl ether disulfonate as anionic surfactant inside in synthesis the Emulsion polymer Lattices

“…DPDDPEDS has a variety of advantages when compared with traditional non-ionic surfactants as LMAEO-30 surfactant is represented in Fig. 1b excellent water solubility, coupling properties [8-10], extremely low Krafft point, excellent dispersion capacity [11][12][13], good hard water, bleach tolerance [14], and good stability in strong acid, strong alkali, and concentrated electrolyte solution [8,15]. Conventional surfactants are small and mobile and these surface-active molecules can migrate to the surface layer of a polymeric lm.…”

Rheological behavior of a novel fracturing fluid formed from amine oxide surfactants

“…However, the use of amine oxide surfactants as fracturing fluid thickeners is rarely reported. Because of their special head groups and hydrophobic tail chain, the long‐chain amine oxide surfactants can show remarkable viscoelasticity through the entangling of micelles (He et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2015). Compared with other hydraulic fracturing fluids whose apparent viscosities are required to be kept above 50 mPa s during the high‐temperature resistant test, the apparent viscosity of VES fracturing fluid is required to be kept above 20 mPa s due to its remarkable viscoelasticity.…”