Kramers–Henneberger Form of Strong Field Theory with the Correction of Dipole Approximation

Abstract

We show that the breakdown of dipole approximation can be adopted to explain the asymmetry structure in the photoelectron momentum distributions along the beam propagation direction, which is defined as the photoelectron longitudinal momentum distributions (PLMD), in tunneling regime (γK ≪ 1), based on the strong field approximation theory. The nondipole Hamiltonian for photoelectrons interacting with laser fields from a hydrogen-like atom is transformed into the Kramers–Henneberger frame in our model. To introduce the correction of dipole approximation, the spatial variable is kept in a vector potential A(r, t), demonstrating that the breakdown of dipole approximation is the major reason for the shift of the peak in PLMD. The nondipole effects are apparent when circularly polarized lasers are adopted to ionize the atoms, and clear tendency to increase offsets is found for increasing laser intensities.

Exploration of electron vortices in the photoionization of diatomic molecules in intense laser fields

“…Many theoretical approaches have been developed to investigate the strong-field ionization [40], such as the numerical methods for solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). By manipulating wave packets using different techniques [41][42][43], TDSE simulations can provide some characteristics of ultrafast dynamics, including photoelectron momentum drift on the laser polarization plane [44], and atomic tunneling time in intense laser fields [43].…”