Kunjin viras encephalomyelitis

Müller, Dagobert; McDonald, M.; Stallman, N. D.; King, James C.

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113633.x

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Most importantly, infection with WNV KUN rarely causes disease in humans. On such rare occasions it can cause encephalitis, but is more often associated with a febrile illness that may or may not be accompanied by rash, malaise, headache, photophobia, arthralgia, myalgia and lymphadenopathy [17,18,19,20]. Beasley et al [21] demonstrated that a New York strain of WNV was significantly more neuroinvasive than wild-type WNV KUN : 1,000–10,000 fold more infectious virus is needed to produce disease in adult mice by peripheral inoculation.…”

Section: The Threat Of Exotic Wnv To Urban Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains

Jansen

Ritchie

Hurk³

2013

IJERPH

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Recent epidemic activity and its introduction into the Western Hemisphere have drawn attention to West Nile virus (WNV) as an international public health problem. Of particular concern has been the ability for the virus to cause outbreaks of disease in highly populated urban centers. Incrimination of Australian mosquito species is an essential component in determining the receptivity of Australia to the introduction and/or establishment of an exotic strain of WNV and can guide potential management strategies. Based on vector competence experiments and ecological studies, we suggest candidate Australian mosquito species that would most likely be involved in urban transmission of WNV, along with consideration of the endemic WNV subtype, Kunjin. We then examine the interaction of entomological factors with virological and vertebrate host factors, as well as likely mode of introduction, which may influence the potential for exotic WNV to become established and be maintained in urban transmission cycles in Australia.

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Section: The Threat Of Exotic Wnv To Urban Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains

Jansen

Ritchie

Hurk³

2013

IJERPH

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“…KUN virus occasionally causes disease in humans with clinical symptoms of mild fever, headache, photophobia, rash, arthralgia, myalgia, and lymphadenopathy 12,13. On rare occasions, KUN has also been associated with severe encephalitis 14,15. Importantly, the symptoms of the latter, which may include severe headache, neck stiffness, slurred speech, mental confusion, ataxia, cranial nerve palsies, and respiratory failure, are clinically indistinguishable from those of the encephalitis caused by infection with the antigenically related Australian flavivirus, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) 15.…”

Section: The Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Kunjin Virus

Hall

Scherret

Mackenzie

2001

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Kunjin (KUN) is a flavivirus in the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex that was first isolated from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes captured in northern Australia in 1960. It is the etiological agent of a human disease characterized by febrile illness with rash or mild encephalitis and, occasionally, of a neurological disease in horses. KUN virus shares a similar epidemiology and ecology with the closely related Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, the major causative agent of arboviral encephalitis in Australia. Based on traditional antigenic methods, KUN was initially found to be similar to, but distinct from, reference strains of West Nile (WN) virus and designated as a new species. However, more recent phylogenic analyses have revealed that some strains of WN virus, including the isolates from New York, are more similar to KUN virus and form a separate lineage to other WN viruses. An unusual KUN isolate from Malaysia and the African virus Koutango appear to form additional lineages within the WN group of viruses. While these findings are in agreement with the Seventh Report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses that designates KUN as a subtype of West Nile, they also suggest that the species should be further subdivided into additional subtypes.

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“…More than 75 arboviruses have been identified in Australia and a small number are associated with human infection [5]. Of these, RRV [6], Barmah Forest virus [7], West Nile virus strain Kunjin [8], and the potentially fatal Murray Valley encephalitis virus [9] are of the greatest public health concern. RRV is the most commonly notified arboviral disease but multiple vectors and many potential vertebrate hosts make this a complex zoonosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A micro-PRNT for the detection of Ross River virus antibodies in mosquito blood meals: a useful tool for inferring transmission pathways

Gyawali

Murphy

Hugo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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IntroductionMany arboviruses of public health significance are maintained in zoonotic cycles with complex transmission pathways. The presence of serum antibody against arboviruses in vertebrates provides evidence of their historical exposure but reveals nothing about the vector-reservoir relationship. Moreover, collecting blood or tissue samples from vertebrate hosts is ethically and logistically challenging. We developed a novel approach for screening the immune status of vertebrates against Ross River virus that allows us to implicate the vectors that form the transmission pathway for this commonly notified Australian arboviral disease.MethodsA micro-plaque reduction neutralisation test (micro-PRNT) was developed and validated on koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) sera against a standard PRNT. The ability of the micro-PRNT to detect RRV antibodies in mosquito blood meals was then tested using some convenient mosquito models. Laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti were fed, via a membrane, on sheep blood supplemented with RRV seropositive and seronegative human sera. Aedes notoscriptus were fed on RRV seropositive and seronegative human volunteers. Blood-fed mosquitoes were harvested at various time points after feeding and their blood meals analysed for the presence of RRV neutralizing antibodies using the micro-PRNT.ResultsThere was significant agreement of the plaque neutralization resulting from the micro-PRNT and standard PRNT techniques (R2=0.65; P<0.0001) when applied to RRV antibody detection in koala sera. Sensitivity and specificity of the micro-PRNT assay were 88.2% and 96%, respectively, in comparison with the standard PRNT. Blood meals from mosquitoes fed on sheep blood supplemented with RRV antibodies neutralised RRV by ≥50% until 60 hr post feeding. Similarly, mosquito blood meals from RRV seropositive human volunteers neutralised the virus by ≥50% until 48 hr post-blood feeding.ConclusionsThe small volumes of blood present in mosquito abdomens can be used to identify RRV antibodies and therefore host exposure to arbovirus infection. In tandem with the accurate identification of the mosquito, and diagnostics for the host origin of the blood meal, this technique has tremendous potential for exploring RRV transmission pathways. It can clearly be adapted for similar studies on other mosquito borne zoonoses.

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Kunjin viras encephalomyelitis

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains

The Role of Australian Mosquito Species in the Transmission of Endemic and Exotic West Nile Virus Strains

Kunjin Virus

A micro-PRNT for the detection of Ross River virus antibodies in mosquito blood meals: a useful tool for inferring transmission pathways

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